Why does scientific culture need theological engagement?

This article argues that contemporary scientific culture stands to benefit socially, epistemically, and morally from thoughtful theological engagement. Rejecting both the conflict thesis and the exclusion of theology through strict methodological naturalism, I contend that silencing theological reflection risks alienating religious believers, undermining trust in scientific institutions, and weakening science’s democratic and cultural foundations. Drawing on sociological research, I show how many Christians experience scientific culture as inhospitable, leading to epistemic injustice and reduced participation in scientific life. I then advance a theological argument for why Christians require theology to discern when theological claims are inappropriate within scientific enquiry, particularly in relation to appeals to special divine action. While ordinary scientific practice rarely requires theological input, I maintain that theology plays a crucial role in clarifying the boundaries of legitimate explanation, addressing moral questions raised by scientific advancement, and sustaining the cultural conditions under which science flourishes. Ultimately, the article proposes a theology-engaged science as a more inclusive and intellectually responsible alternative.