Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy as a physiological monitoring tool for seals under anaesthesia

Eva-Maria S. Bønnelycke; Gordon D. Hastie; Kimberley A. A. Bennett; Jana M. Kainerstorfer; Ryan Milne; Simon E. W. Moss; Alexander Ruesch; Jingyi Wu; J. Chris McKnight

doi:10.3390/rs13183553

Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy as a physiological monitoring tool for seals under anaesthesia

Eva-Maria S. Bønnelycke, Gordon D. Hastie, Kimberley A. A. Bennett, Jana M. Kainerstorfer, Ryan Milne, Simon E. W. Moss, Alexander Ruesch, Jingyi Wu, J. Chris McKnight

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

Chemical immobilisation of pinnipeds is a routine procedure in research and veterinary practice. Yet, there are inevitable risks associated with chemical immobilisation, and the physiological response to anaesthetic agents in pinnipeds remains poorly understood. The current study used wearable continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data from 10 trials of prolonged anaesthesia (0.5 to 1.4 h) induced through ketamine and midazolam in five grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) involved in other procedures. The aim of this study was to (1) analyse the effect of each compound on heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), and relative concentration changes in oxygenated [ΔO₂Hb] and deoxygenated haemoglobin [ΔHHb] in cerebral tissue and (2) to investigate the use of NIRS as a real-time physiological monitoring tool during chemical immobilisation. Average group responses of ketamine (n = 27) and midazolam (n = 11) administrations were modelled using generalised additive mixed models (GAMM) for each dependent variable. Following ketamine and midazolam administration, [ΔHHb] increased and [ΔO₂Hb] remained relatively stable, which was indicative of apnoea. Periods of apnoea were confirmed from respiratory band data, which were simultaneously collected during drugging trials. Given that SpO₂ remained at 97% during apnoea, we hypothesized that increasing cerebral [ΔHHb] was a result of venous congestion as opposed to decreased oxygen delivery. Changes in heart rate were limited and appeared to be driven by the individual pharmacological actions of each drug. Future research could include simultaneous measures of metabolic rate, such as the relative change in concentration of cytochrome-c-oxidase, to guide operators in determining when apnoea should be considered prolonged if changes in [ΔHHb] and [ΔO₂Hb] occur beyond the limits recorded in this study. Our findings support the use of NIRS as real-time physiological monitoring tool during pinniped chemical immobilisation, which could assist veterinarians and researchers in performing safe anaesthetic procedures.

Original language	English
Article number	3553
Number of pages	27
Journal	Remote Sensing
Volume	13
Issue number	18
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183553
Publication status	Published - 7 Sept 2021

Keywords

Phocid seals
Near-infrared spectroscopy
Cerebral haemodynamics
Midazolam
Ketamine
Heart rate
Haemoglobin saturation

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10.3390/rs13183553Licence: CC BY

Bønnelycke_2021_remote-sensing_Wearable-near-infrared_CC
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Final published version, 1.72 MBLicence: CC BY

NERC NC National Public Good 2018 - 2023: Sea Mammal Research Unit NC-NPG activities to fulfill NERC's statutory duties.
Sparling, C. E. (PI) & Hall, A. J. (CoI)
1/04/18 → 31/03/23
Project: Standard
Obesogens in a naturally obese animal: Obesogens in a naturally obese animal: An experimental approach to assess the impact of marine pollutants on fat tissue fundtion in seals
Hall, A. J. (PI)
NERC
1/08/15 → 31/07/18
Project: Standard

Cite this

@article{7bfd2ded4a4e43108eac0a90445766ef,

title = "Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy as a physiological monitoring tool for seals under anaesthesia",

abstract = "Chemical immobilisation of pinnipeds is a routine procedure in research and veterinary practice. Yet, there are inevitable risks associated with chemical immobilisation, and the physiological response to anaesthetic agents in pinnipeds remains poorly understood. The current study used wearable continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data from 10 trials of prolonged anaesthesia (0.5 to 1.4 h) induced through ketamine and midazolam in five grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) involved in other procedures. The aim of this study was to (1) analyse the effect of each compound on heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), and relative concentration changes in oxygenated [ΔO2Hb] and deoxygenated haemoglobin [ΔHHb] in cerebral tissue and (2) to investigate the use of NIRS as a real-time physiological monitoring tool during chemical immobilisation. Average group responses of ketamine (n = 27) and midazolam (n = 11) administrations were modelled using generalised additive mixed models (GAMM) for each dependent variable. Following ketamine and midazolam administration, [ΔHHb] increased and [ΔO2Hb] remained relatively stable, which was indicative of apnoea. Periods of apnoea were confirmed from respiratory band data, which were simultaneously collected during drugging trials. Given that SpO2 remained at 97% during apnoea, we hypothesized that increasing cerebral [ΔHHb] was a result of venous congestion as opposed to decreased oxygen delivery. Changes in heart rate were limited and appeared to be driven by the individual pharmacological actions of each drug. Future research could include simultaneous measures of metabolic rate, such as the relative change in concentration of cytochrome-c-oxidase, to guide operators in determining when apnoea should be considered prolonged if changes in [ΔHHb] and [ΔO2Hb] occur beyond the limits recorded in this study. Our findings support the use of NIRS as real-time physiological monitoring tool during pinniped chemical immobilisation, which could assist veterinarians and researchers in performing safe anaesthetic procedures.",

keywords = "Phocid seals, Near-infrared spectroscopy, Cerebral haemodynamics, Midazolam, Ketamine, Heart rate, Haemoglobin saturation",

author = "B{\o}nnelycke, {Eva-Maria S.} and Hastie, {Gordon D.} and Bennett, {Kimberley A. A.} and Kainerstorfer, {Jana M.} and Ryan Milne and Moss, {Simon E. W.} and Alexander Ruesch and Jingyi Wu and McKnight, {J. Chris}",

note = "Funding: This research was funded as part of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment Programme. National Capability funding was provided by the Natural Environment Research Council to the Sea Mammal Research Unit grant number: NE/R015007/1. Supplementary funding supporting K.A.B. was provided by the Natural Environment Research Council grant numbers: NE/M013723/1 and NE/M01357X/1.",

year = "2021",

month = sep,

day = "7",

doi = "10.3390/rs13183553",

language = "English",

volume = "13",

journal = "Remote Sensing",

issn = "2072-4292",

publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",

number = "18",

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T1 - Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy as a physiological monitoring tool for seals under anaesthesia

AU - Bønnelycke, Eva-Maria S.

AU - Hastie, Gordon D.

AU - Bennett, Kimberley A. A.

AU - Kainerstorfer, Jana M.

AU - Milne, Ryan

AU - Moss, Simon E. W.

AU - Ruesch, Alexander

AU - Wu, Jingyi

AU - McKnight, J. Chris

N1 - Funding: This research was funded as part of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment Programme. National Capability funding was provided by the Natural Environment Research Council to the Sea Mammal Research Unit grant number: NE/R015007/1. Supplementary funding supporting K.A.B. was provided by the Natural Environment Research Council grant numbers: NE/M013723/1 and NE/M01357X/1.

PY - 2021/9/7

Y1 - 2021/9/7

N2 - Chemical immobilisation of pinnipeds is a routine procedure in research and veterinary practice. Yet, there are inevitable risks associated with chemical immobilisation, and the physiological response to anaesthetic agents in pinnipeds remains poorly understood. The current study used wearable continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data from 10 trials of prolonged anaesthesia (0.5 to 1.4 h) induced through ketamine and midazolam in five grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) involved in other procedures. The aim of this study was to (1) analyse the effect of each compound on heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), and relative concentration changes in oxygenated [ΔO2Hb] and deoxygenated haemoglobin [ΔHHb] in cerebral tissue and (2) to investigate the use of NIRS as a real-time physiological monitoring tool during chemical immobilisation. Average group responses of ketamine (n = 27) and midazolam (n = 11) administrations were modelled using generalised additive mixed models (GAMM) for each dependent variable. Following ketamine and midazolam administration, [ΔHHb] increased and [ΔO2Hb] remained relatively stable, which was indicative of apnoea. Periods of apnoea were confirmed from respiratory band data, which were simultaneously collected during drugging trials. Given that SpO2 remained at 97% during apnoea, we hypothesized that increasing cerebral [ΔHHb] was a result of venous congestion as opposed to decreased oxygen delivery. Changes in heart rate were limited and appeared to be driven by the individual pharmacological actions of each drug. Future research could include simultaneous measures of metabolic rate, such as the relative change in concentration of cytochrome-c-oxidase, to guide operators in determining when apnoea should be considered prolonged if changes in [ΔHHb] and [ΔO2Hb] occur beyond the limits recorded in this study. Our findings support the use of NIRS as real-time physiological monitoring tool during pinniped chemical immobilisation, which could assist veterinarians and researchers in performing safe anaesthetic procedures.

AB - Chemical immobilisation of pinnipeds is a routine procedure in research and veterinary practice. Yet, there are inevitable risks associated with chemical immobilisation, and the physiological response to anaesthetic agents in pinnipeds remains poorly understood. The current study used wearable continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data from 10 trials of prolonged anaesthesia (0.5 to 1.4 h) induced through ketamine and midazolam in five grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) involved in other procedures. The aim of this study was to (1) analyse the effect of each compound on heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), and relative concentration changes in oxygenated [ΔO2Hb] and deoxygenated haemoglobin [ΔHHb] in cerebral tissue and (2) to investigate the use of NIRS as a real-time physiological monitoring tool during chemical immobilisation. Average group responses of ketamine (n = 27) and midazolam (n = 11) administrations were modelled using generalised additive mixed models (GAMM) for each dependent variable. Following ketamine and midazolam administration, [ΔHHb] increased and [ΔO2Hb] remained relatively stable, which was indicative of apnoea. Periods of apnoea were confirmed from respiratory band data, which were simultaneously collected during drugging trials. Given that SpO2 remained at 97% during apnoea, we hypothesized that increasing cerebral [ΔHHb] was a result of venous congestion as opposed to decreased oxygen delivery. Changes in heart rate were limited and appeared to be driven by the individual pharmacological actions of each drug. Future research could include simultaneous measures of metabolic rate, such as the relative change in concentration of cytochrome-c-oxidase, to guide operators in determining when apnoea should be considered prolonged if changes in [ΔHHb] and [ΔO2Hb] occur beyond the limits recorded in this study. Our findings support the use of NIRS as real-time physiological monitoring tool during pinniped chemical immobilisation, which could assist veterinarians and researchers in performing safe anaesthetic procedures.

KW - Phocid seals

KW - Near-infrared spectroscopy

KW - Cerebral haemodynamics

KW - Midazolam

KW - Ketamine

KW - Heart rate

KW - Haemoglobin saturation

U2 - 10.3390/rs13183553

DO - 10.3390/rs13183553

M3 - Article

SN - 2072-4292

VL - 13

JO - Remote Sensing

JF - Remote Sensing

IS - 18

M1 - 3553

ER -

Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy as a physiological monitoring tool for seals under anaesthesia

Abstract

Keywords

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Projects

NERC NC National Public Good 2018 - 2023: Sea Mammal Research Unit NC-NPG activities to fulfill NERC's statutory duties.

Obesogens in a naturally obese animal: Obesogens in a naturally obese animal: An experimental approach to assess the impact of marine pollutants on fat tissue fundtion in seals

Cite this