Transition metal-mediated P-C/X exchange at bound phosphine ligands (X = aryl, alkyl, NR₂, or and F): Scope and mechanisms

The range of transition metal-mediated P-C/X exchange reactions that result in the replacement of a phosphine substituent with another group, X, are categorised according to the nature of the replacing group (X = aryl or alkyl, N- and O-based species and fluoride). Proposed mechanisms for P-C/X exchange are described and the factors promoting these unusual - and often undesirable - reactions are discussed. This tutorial review should be of relevance for those engaged in homogeneous catalysis, C-F activation and the synthesis of complexes combining soft metal centres and hard donor ligands.