The stable climate of KELT-9b

K. Jones; B. M. Morris; B.-O. Demory; K. Heng; M. J. Hooton; N. Billot; D. Ehrenreich; S. Hoyer; A. E. Simon; M. Lendl; O. D. S. Demangeon; S. G. Sousa; A. Bonfanti; T. G. Wilson; S. Salmon; Sz. Csizmadia; H. Parviainen; G. Bruno; Y. Alibert; R. Alonso; G. Anglada; T. Bárczy; D. Barrado; S. C. C. Barros; W. Baumjohann; M. Beck; T. Beck; W. Benz; X. Bonfils; A. Brandeker; C. Broeg; J. Cabrera; S. Charnoz; A. Collier Cameron; M. B. Davies; M. Deleuil; A. Deline; L. Delrez; A. Erikson; A. Fortier; L. Fossati; M. Fridlund; D. Gandolfi; M. Gillon; M. Güdel; K. G. Isaak; L. L. Kiss; J. Laskar; A. Lecavelier des Etangs; C. Lovis; D. Magrin; P. F. L. Maxted; V. Nascimbeni; G. Olofsson; R. Ottensamer; I. Pagano; E. Pallé; G. Peter; G. Piotto; D. Pollacco; D. Queloz; R. Ragazzoni; N. Rando; F. Ratti; H. Rauer; C. Reimers; I. Ribas; N. C. Santos; G. Scandariato; D. Ségransan; A. M. S. Smith; M. Steller; Gy. M. Szabó; N. Thomas; S. Udry; V. Van Grootel; I. Walter; N. A. Walton; W. Wang Jungo

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243823

The stable climate of KELT-9b

K. Jones^*, B. M. Morris, B.-O. Demory, K. Heng, M. J. Hooton, N. Billot, D. Ehrenreich, S. Hoyer, A. E. Simon, M. Lendl, O. D. S. Demangeon, S. G. Sousa, A. Bonfanti, T. G. Wilson, S. Salmon, Sz. Csizmadia, H. Parviainen, G. Bruno, Y. Alibert, R. AlonsoG. Anglada, T. Bárczy, D. Barrado, S. C. C. Barros, W. Baumjohann, M. Beck, T. Beck, W. Benz, X. Bonfils, A. Brandeker, C. Broeg, J. Cabrera, S. Charnoz, A. Collier Cameron, M. B. Davies, M. Deleuil, A. Deline, L. Delrez, A. Erikson, A. Fortier, L. Fossati, M. Fridlund, D. Gandolfi, M. Gillon, M. Güdel, K. G. Isaak, L. L. Kiss, J. Laskar, A. Lecavelier des Etangs, C. Lovis, D. Magrin, P. F. L. Maxted, V. Nascimbeni, G. Olofsson, R. Ottensamer, I. Pagano, E. Pallé, G. Peter, G. Piotto, D. Pollacco, D. Queloz, R. Ragazzoni, N. Rando, F. Ratti, H. Rauer, C. Reimers, I. Ribas, N. C. Santos, G. Scandariato, D. Ségransan, A. M. S. Smith, M. Steller, Gy. M. Szabó, N. Thomas, S. Udry, V. Van Grootel, I. Walter, N. A. Walton, W. Wang Jungo

^*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

Even among the most irradiated gas giants, so-called ultra-hot Jupiters, KELT-9b stands out as the hottest planet thus far discovered with a dayside temperature of over 4500 K. At these extreme irradiation levels, we expect an increase in heat redistribution efficiency and a low Bond albedo owed to an extended atmosphere with molecular hydrogen dissociation occurring on the planetary dayside. We present new photometric observations of the KELT-9 system throughout 4 full orbits and 9 separate occultations obtained by the 30 cm space telescope CHEOPS. The CHEOPS bandpass, located at optical wavelengths, captures the peak of the thermal emission spectrum of KELT-9b. In this work we simultaneously analyse CHEOPS phase curves along with public phase curves from TESS and Spitzer to infer joint constraints on the phase curve variation, gravity-darkened transits, and occultation depth in three bandpasses, as well as derive 2D temperature maps of the atmosphere at three different depths. We find a day-night heat redistribution efficiency of ~0.3 which confirms expectations of enhanced energy transfer to the planetary nightside due to dissociation and recombination of molecular hydrogen. We also calculate a Bond albedo consistent with zero. We find no evidence of variability of the brightness temperature of the planet, excluding variability greater than 1%.

Original language	English
Article number	A118
Number of pages	19
Journal	Astronomy & Astrophysics
Volume	666
Early online date	19 Oct 2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243823
Publication status	Published - 19 Oct 2022

Keywords

Techniques: photometric
Instrumentation: photometers
Planets and satellites: atmospheres
Planets and satellites: gaseous planets
Eclipses
Occultations

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10.1051/0004-6361/202243823Licence: CC BY

Jones-2022-Stable-climate-KELT-9b-A&A-666-A118-CCBY
Copyright © K. Jones et al. 2022. Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Final published version, 1.93 MBLicence: CC BY

http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.04818Licence: CC BY

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Jones, K., Morris, B. M., Demory, B.-O., Heng, K., Hooton, M. J., Billot, N., Ehrenreich, D., Hoyer, S., Simon, A. E., Lendl, M., Demangeon, O. D. S., Sousa, S. G., Bonfanti, A., Wilson, T. G., Salmon, S., Csizmadia, S., Parviainen, H., Bruno, G., Alibert, Y., ... Wang Jungo, W. (2022). The stable climate of KELT-9b. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 666, Article A118. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243823

@article{5f0fac72821241418e84ae691414797b,

title = "The stable climate of KELT-9b",

abstract = "Even among the most irradiated gas giants, so-called ultra-hot Jupiters, KELT-9b stands out as the hottest planet thus far discovered with a dayside temperature of over 4500 K. At these extreme irradiation levels, we expect an increase in heat redistribution efficiency and a low Bond albedo owed to an extended atmosphere with molecular hydrogen dissociation occurring on the planetary dayside. We present new photometric observations of the KELT-9 system throughout 4 full orbits and 9 separate occultations obtained by the 30 cm space telescope CHEOPS. The CHEOPS bandpass, located at optical wavelengths, captures the peak of the thermal emission spectrum of KELT-9b. In this work we simultaneously analyse CHEOPS phase curves along with public phase curves from TESS and Spitzer to infer joint constraints on the phase curve variation, gravity-darkened transits, and occultation depth in three bandpasses, as well as derive 2D temperature maps of the atmosphere at three different depths. We find a day-night heat redistribution efficiency of ~0.3 which confirms expectations of enhanced energy transfer to the planetary nightside due to dissociation and recombination of molecular hydrogen. We also calculate a Bond albedo consistent with zero. We find no evidence of variability of the brightness temperature of the planet, excluding variability greater than 1%.",

keywords = "Techniques: photometric, Instrumentation: photometers, Planets and satellites: atmospheres, Planets and satellites: gaseous planets, Eclipses, Occultations",

author = "K. Jones and Morris, {B. M.} and B.-O. Demory and K. Heng and Hooton, {M. J.} and N. Billot and D. Ehrenreich and S. Hoyer and Simon, {A. E.} and M. Lendl and Demangeon, {O. D. S.} and Sousa, {S. G.} and A. Bonfanti and Wilson, {T. G.} and S. Salmon and Sz. Csizmadia and H. Parviainen and G. Bruno and Y. Alibert and R. Alonso and G. Anglada and T. B{\'a}rczy and D. Barrado and Barros, {S. C. C.} and W. Baumjohann and M. Beck and T. Beck and W. Benz and X. Bonfils and A. Brandeker and C. Broeg and J. Cabrera and S. Charnoz and {Collier Cameron}, A. and Davies, {M. B.} and M. Deleuil and A. Deline and L. Delrez and A. Erikson and A. Fortier and L. Fossati and M. Fridlund and D. Gandolfi and M. Gillon and M. G{\"u}del and Isaak, {K. G.} and Kiss, {L. L.} and J. Laskar and {Lecavelier des Etangs}, A. and C. Lovis and D. Magrin and Maxted, {P. F. L.} and V. Nascimbeni and G. Olofsson and R. Ottensamer and I. Pagano and E. Pall{\'e} and G. Peter and G. Piotto and D. Pollacco and D. Queloz and R. Ragazzoni and N. Rando and F. Ratti and H. Rauer and C. Reimers and I. Ribas and Santos, {N. C.} and G. Scandariato and D. S{\'e}gransan and Smith, {A. M. S.} and M. Steller and Szab{\'o}, {Gy. M.} and N. Thomas and S. Udry and {Van Grootel}, V. and I. Walter and Walton, {N. A.} and {Wang Jungo}, W.",

note = "Funding: A.C.C. and T.W. acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant numbers ST/R000824/1 and ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/R003203/1.",

year = "2022",

month = oct,

day = "19",

doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/202243823",

language = "English",

volume = "666",

journal = "Astronomy & Astrophysics",

issn = "0004-6361",

publisher = "EDP SCIENCES S A",

}

Jones, K, Morris, BM, Demory, B-O, Heng, K, Hooton, MJ, Billot, N, Ehrenreich, D, Hoyer, S, Simon, AE, Lendl, M, Demangeon, ODS, Sousa, SG, Bonfanti, A, Wilson, TG, Salmon, S, Csizmadia, S, Parviainen, H, Bruno, G, Alibert, Y, Alonso, R, Anglada, G, Bárczy, T, Barrado, D, Barros, SCC, Baumjohann, W, Beck, M, Beck, T, Benz, W, Bonfils, X, Brandeker, A, Broeg, C, Cabrera, J, Charnoz, S, Collier Cameron, A, Davies, MB, Deleuil, M, Deline, A, Delrez, L, Erikson, A, Fortier, A, Fossati, L, Fridlund, M, Gandolfi, D, Gillon, M, Güdel, M, Isaak, KG, Kiss, LL, Laskar, J, Lecavelier des Etangs, A, Lovis, C, Magrin, D, Maxted, PFL, Nascimbeni, V, Olofsson, G, Ottensamer, R, Pagano, I, Pallé, E, Peter, G, Piotto, G, Pollacco, D, Queloz, D, Ragazzoni, R, Rando, N, Ratti, F, Rauer, H, Reimers, C, Ribas, I, Santos, NC, Scandariato, G, Ségransan, D, Smith, AMS, Steller, M, Szabó, GM, Thomas, N, Udry, S, Van Grootel, V, Walter, I, Walton, NA & Wang Jungo, W 2022, 'The stable climate of KELT-9b', Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 666, A118. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243823

TY - JOUR

T1 - The stable climate of KELT-9b

AU - Jones, K.

AU - Morris, B. M.

AU - Demory, B.-O.

AU - Heng, K.

AU - Hooton, M. J.

AU - Billot, N.

AU - Ehrenreich, D.

AU - Hoyer, S.

AU - Simon, A. E.

AU - Lendl, M.

AU - Demangeon, O. D. S.

AU - Sousa, S. G.

AU - Bonfanti, A.

AU - Wilson, T. G.

AU - Salmon, S.

AU - Csizmadia, Sz.

AU - Parviainen, H.

AU - Bruno, G.

AU - Alibert, Y.

AU - Alonso, R.

AU - Anglada, G.

AU - Bárczy, T.

AU - Barrado, D.

AU - Barros, S. C. C.

AU - Baumjohann, W.

AU - Beck, M.

AU - Beck, T.

AU - Benz, W.

AU - Bonfils, X.

AU - Brandeker, A.

AU - Broeg, C.

AU - Cabrera, J.

AU - Charnoz, S.

AU - Collier Cameron, A.

AU - Davies, M. B.

AU - Deleuil, M.

AU - Deline, A.

AU - Delrez, L.

AU - Erikson, A.

AU - Fortier, A.

AU - Fossati, L.

AU - Fridlund, M.

AU - Gandolfi, D.

AU - Gillon, M.

AU - Güdel, M.

AU - Isaak, K. G.

AU - Kiss, L. L.

AU - Laskar, J.

AU - Lecavelier des Etangs, A.

AU - Lovis, C.

AU - Magrin, D.

AU - Maxted, P. F. L.

AU - Nascimbeni, V.

AU - Olofsson, G.

AU - Ottensamer, R.

AU - Pagano, I.

AU - Pallé, E.

AU - Peter, G.

AU - Piotto, G.

AU - Pollacco, D.

AU - Queloz, D.

AU - Ragazzoni, R.

AU - Rando, N.

AU - Ratti, F.

AU - Rauer, H.

AU - Reimers, C.

AU - Ribas, I.

AU - Santos, N. C.

AU - Scandariato, G.

AU - Ségransan, D.

AU - Smith, A. M. S.

AU - Steller, M.

AU - Szabó, Gy. M.

AU - Thomas, N.

AU - Udry, S.

AU - Van Grootel, V.

AU - Walter, I.

AU - Walton, N. A.

AU - Wang Jungo, W.

N1 - Funding: A.C.C. and T.W. acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant numbers ST/R000824/1 and ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/R003203/1.

PY - 2022/10/19

Y1 - 2022/10/19

N2 - Even among the most irradiated gas giants, so-called ultra-hot Jupiters, KELT-9b stands out as the hottest planet thus far discovered with a dayside temperature of over 4500 K. At these extreme irradiation levels, we expect an increase in heat redistribution efficiency and a low Bond albedo owed to an extended atmosphere with molecular hydrogen dissociation occurring on the planetary dayside. We present new photometric observations of the KELT-9 system throughout 4 full orbits and 9 separate occultations obtained by the 30 cm space telescope CHEOPS. The CHEOPS bandpass, located at optical wavelengths, captures the peak of the thermal emission spectrum of KELT-9b. In this work we simultaneously analyse CHEOPS phase curves along with public phase curves from TESS and Spitzer to infer joint constraints on the phase curve variation, gravity-darkened transits, and occultation depth in three bandpasses, as well as derive 2D temperature maps of the atmosphere at three different depths. We find a day-night heat redistribution efficiency of ~0.3 which confirms expectations of enhanced energy transfer to the planetary nightside due to dissociation and recombination of molecular hydrogen. We also calculate a Bond albedo consistent with zero. We find no evidence of variability of the brightness temperature of the planet, excluding variability greater than 1%.

AB - Even among the most irradiated gas giants, so-called ultra-hot Jupiters, KELT-9b stands out as the hottest planet thus far discovered with a dayside temperature of over 4500 K. At these extreme irradiation levels, we expect an increase in heat redistribution efficiency and a low Bond albedo owed to an extended atmosphere with molecular hydrogen dissociation occurring on the planetary dayside. We present new photometric observations of the KELT-9 system throughout 4 full orbits and 9 separate occultations obtained by the 30 cm space telescope CHEOPS. The CHEOPS bandpass, located at optical wavelengths, captures the peak of the thermal emission spectrum of KELT-9b. In this work we simultaneously analyse CHEOPS phase curves along with public phase curves from TESS and Spitzer to infer joint constraints on the phase curve variation, gravity-darkened transits, and occultation depth in three bandpasses, as well as derive 2D temperature maps of the atmosphere at three different depths. We find a day-night heat redistribution efficiency of ~0.3 which confirms expectations of enhanced energy transfer to the planetary nightside due to dissociation and recombination of molecular hydrogen. We also calculate a Bond albedo consistent with zero. We find no evidence of variability of the brightness temperature of the planet, excluding variability greater than 1%.

KW - Techniques: photometric

KW - Instrumentation: photometers

KW - Planets and satellites: atmospheres

KW - Planets and satellites: gaseous planets

KW - Eclipses

KW - Occultations

U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202243823

DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202243823

M3 - Article

SN - 0004-6361

VL - 666

JO - Astronomy & Astrophysics

JF - Astronomy & Astrophysics

M1 - A118

ER -

The stable climate of KELT-9b

Abstract

Keywords

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