The role of vision science in understanding animal camouflage

Animal camouflage in the natural world has been studied for over a century, with early research often relying on descriptive accounts of patterning as perceived by human observers. Recent advances, however, have leveraged a deeper understanding of visual processing across a wide range of predators. In this review, we examine literature illustrating how insights from vision science have enriched research on camouflage. We focus on three primary areas: colour and pattern processing, motion processing, and the perception of shape and depth. We discuss findings from vision research that show how animals seeking to remain undetected optimise their camouflage to deter adversaries. We also explore how predator visual systems have evolved to break that camouflage. Lastly, we highlight gaps where vision science has yet to be applied to research on camouflage, with the hope of encouraging further interdisciplinary work.