The molybdenum isotopic compositions of I-, S- and A- type granitic suites

This study reports Mo isotopic compositions for fifty-two Palaeozoic granitic rocks with contrasting source affinities (A-, I- and S-type) from the Lachlan Fold Belt (LFB) and the New England Batholith (NEB), both in SE Australia, and three compositionally zoned plutons (Loch Doon, Criffell, and Fleet) located in the South Uplands of Scotland. The results show relatively large variations in δ⁹⁸Mo for igneous rocks ranging from -1.73‰ to 0.59‰ with significant overlaps between different types. No relationships between δ⁹⁸Mo and δ¹⁸O or ASI (Alumina Saturation Index) are observed, indicating that Mo isotopes do not clearly distinguish igneous versus sedimentary source types. Instead, effects of igneous processes, source mixing, regional geology, as well as hydrothermal activity control the Mo isotope compositions in these granites. It is found that Mo is mainly accommodated in biotite and to a lesser extent in hornblende. Hornblende and Fe³⁺-rich minerals may preferentially incorporate light isotopes, as reflected by negative correlations between δ⁹⁸Mo and K/Rb and [Fe₂O₃]. There is a positive correlation between initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ⁹⁸Mo in I-type granitic rocks, reflecting the admixing of material from isotopically distinct sources. Granitic rocks from Scotland and Australia display strikingly similar curvilinear trends in δ⁹⁸Mo vs. initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr despite the differing regional geology. Localized hydrothermal effects on Mo isotopes in three samples from Loch Doon and Criffell can result in anomalously low δ⁹⁸Mo of < -1‰. Based on this study, an estimate of δ⁹⁸Mo = 0.14±0.07‰ (95% s.e.) for the Phanerozoic upper crust is proposed. This is slightly heavier than basalts indicating an isotopically light lower crust and / or a systematic change to the crust resulting from subduction of isotopically light dehydrated slab and / or pelagic sediment over time.