TY - JOUR
T1 - The GFDL‐CM4X Climate Model hierarchy, part II
T2 - case studies
AU - Griffies, Stephen M.
AU - Adcroft, Alistair
AU - Beadling, Rebecca L.
AU - Bushuk, Mitchell
AU - Chang, Chiung‐Yin
AU - Drake, Henri F.
AU - Dussin, Raphael
AU - Hallberg, Robert W.
AU - Hurlin, William J.
AU - Khatri, Hemant
AU - Krasting, John P.
AU - Lobo, Matthew
AU - MacGilchrist, Graeme A.
AU - Reichl, Brandon G.
AU - Sane, Aakash
AU - Sergienko, Olga
AU - Sonnewald, Maike
AU - Steinberg, Jacob M.
AU - Tesdal, Jan‐Erik
AU - Thomas, Matthew
AU - Turner, Katherine E.
AU - Ward, Marshall L.
AU - Winton, Michael
AU - Zadeh, Niki
AU - Zanna, Laure
AU - Zhang, Rong
AU - Zhang, Wenda
AU - Zhao, Ming
N1 - Funding: A.A. was supported by Award NA18OAR4320123 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. R.B. was supported under NSF Division of Polar Programs Grant NSF2319828. C.Y.C. was supported by Award NA19OAR4310365 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. H.F.D. was supported by the NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, administered by UCAR's Cooperative Programs for the Advancement of Earth System Science (CPAESS) under Award NA18NWS4620043B. H.K. acknowledges the support from Natural Environment Research Council grants NE/T013494/1 and NE/W001543/1. M.L. was supported by award NA18OAR4320123 and NA23OAR4320198 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. G.A.M was supported by NSF (PLR-1425989) and UKRI (MR/W013835/1). A.S. was supported by Schmidt Sciences, LLC under the M2 LInES project. K.E.T acknowledges support from the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) Project under NSF Awards PLR-1425989 and OPP-1936222 and 2332379. L.Z. was supported by Schmidt Sciences, LLC under the M2 LInES project, NSF grant OCE 1912357 and NOAA CVP NA19OAR4310364. W.Z. was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant F1240-01(NSF OCE 1912357).
PY - 2025/10/18
Y1 - 2025/10/18
N2 - This paper is Part II of a two‐part paper that documents the Climate Model version 4X (CM4X) hierarchy of coupled climate models developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. Part I of this paper is presented in Griffies et al. (2025a, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004861). Here we present a suite of case studies that examine ocean and sea ice features that are targeted for further research, which include sea level, eastern boundary upwelling, Arctic and Southern Ocean sea ice, Southern Ocean circulation, and North Atlantic circulation. The case studies are based on experiments that follow the protocol of version 6 from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. The analysis reveals a systematic improvement in the simulation fidelity of CM4X relative to its CM4.0 predecessor, as well as an improvement when refining the ocean/sea ice horizontal grid spacing from the 0.25° of CM4X‐p25 to the of 0.125° CM4X‐p125. Even so, there remain many outstanding biases, thus pointing to the need for further grid refinements, enhancements to numerical methods, and/or advances in parameterizations, each of which target long‐standing model biases and limitations.
AB - This paper is Part II of a two‐part paper that documents the Climate Model version 4X (CM4X) hierarchy of coupled climate models developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. Part I of this paper is presented in Griffies et al. (2025a, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004861). Here we present a suite of case studies that examine ocean and sea ice features that are targeted for further research, which include sea level, eastern boundary upwelling, Arctic and Southern Ocean sea ice, Southern Ocean circulation, and North Atlantic circulation. The case studies are based on experiments that follow the protocol of version 6 from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. The analysis reveals a systematic improvement in the simulation fidelity of CM4X relative to its CM4.0 predecessor, as well as an improvement when refining the ocean/sea ice horizontal grid spacing from the 0.25° of CM4X‐p25 to the of 0.125° CM4X‐p125. Even so, there remain many outstanding biases, thus pointing to the need for further grid refinements, enhancements to numerical methods, and/or advances in parameterizations, each of which target long‐standing model biases and limitations.
U2 - 10.1029/2024ms004862
DO - 10.1029/2024ms004862
M3 - Article
SN - 1942-2466
VL - 17
SP - 1
EP - 46
JO - Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
JF - Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
IS - 10
M1 - e2024MS004862
ER -
SDG 13 Climate Action