The Andean khipus: an information system made of string

Storing, sharing, and controlling information is a crucial factor in the success of a centralized state. Yet the Inkas, the largest empire in the pre-Hispanic Americas, did not use writing in a conventional sense. Instead, they utilized khipus: a colorful knotted string technology, unique among global information systems. This chapter delves into the complex history of khipus, challenging conventional notions of information storage. Spanning a millennium of khipu use, this discussion traces the khipus’ origins during Wari Empire (c. 600–900 CE) before considering the role played by khipus in the Inka state. The narrative then extends into the colonial and republican periods, highlighting the enduring relevance of these enigmatic artifacts. The chapter offers a nuanced exploration of khipu morphology and of the key scholarship that has shaped our knowledge about this medium. Unraveling their intricate nature, this discussion provides essential insights into khipus’ cultural and historical significance, and offers a comprehensive understanding of their multifaceted role in the history of information.