Testing the local void hypothesis using baryon acoustic oscillation measurements over the last 20 yr

A promising solution to the Hubble tension is a local void that is roughly 20 per cent underdense out to 300 Mpc, as suggested by galaxy number counts in the near-infrared. Gravitationally driven outflows from this KBC void might inflate redshifts enough to solve the Hubble tension, a scenario explored in detail by Haslbauer et al. We obtain predictions for the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) observables in their best-fitting void models and in the homogeneous Planck cosmology. We compare these models against our compilation of available BAO measurements from the past 20 yr. We find that the quality and quantity of available measurements are best using the isotropically averaged distance D_v. Taking its ratio with the expected value in the homogeneous model yields good agreement with unity at high redshift, but a discrepancy appears that systematically grows with decreasing redshift. Assuming independent uncertainties, the 42 considered D_v observations give a total χ² of 75.7 for the void-free model, while the void models give only 47.3 - 51.2 depending on the density profile. This represents a reduction in overall tension from 3.3σ without a void to 1.1σ − 1.4σ in the void models. The χ² differences are smaller when considering measurements of the angular BAO scale or its redshift depth. The void-free model provides the worst fit in almost every case. Overall, our results suggest that recent evidence of BAO observables deviating from expectations in the homogeneous Planck cosmology could indicate a local void, which was motivated by considerations unrelated to BAO data or the Hubble tension.