Synthesis and characterization of a rhodium(I) σ-alkane complex in the solid state

Transition metal - alkane complexes-termed s-complexes because the alkane donates electron density to the metal from a σ-symmetry carbon - hydrogen (C-H) orbital - are key intermediates in catalytic C-H activation processes, yet these complexes remain tantalizingly elusive to characterization in the solid state by single-crystal x-ray diffraction techniques. Here, we report an approach to the synthesis and characterization of transition metal-alkane complexes in the solid state by a simple gas-solid reaction to produce an alkane σ-complex directly. This strategy enables the structural determination, by x-ray diffraction, of an alkane (norbornane) σ-bound to a d ⁸-rhodium(I) metal center, in which the chelating alkane ligand is coordinated to the pseudosquare planar metal center through two σ-C-H bonds.