Stratospheric dayside-to-nightside circulation drives the 3D ozone distribution on synchronously rotating rocky exoplanets

Determining the habitability and interpreting future atmospheric observations of exoplanets requires understanding the atmospheric dynamics and chemistry from a 3D perspective. Previous studies have shown significant spatial variability in the ozone layer of synchronously rotating M-dwarf planets, assuming an Earth-like initial atmospheric composition. We simulate Proxima Centauri b in an 11.2-d orbit around its M-type host star using a 3D coupled climate-chemistry model to understand the spatial variability of ozone and identify the mechanism responsible for it. We document a previously unreported connection between the ozone production regions on the photochemically active dayside hemisphere and the nightside devoid of stellar radiation and thus photochemistry. We find that stratospheric dayside-to-nightside overturning circulation can advect ozone-rich air to the nightside. On the nightside, ozone-rich air subsides at the locations of two quasi-stationary Rossby gyres, resulting in an exchange between the stratosphere and troposphere and the accumulation of ozone at the gyre locations. The mechanism drives the ozone distribution for both the present atmospheric level (PAL) and a 0.01 PAL O2 atmosphere. We identify the hemispheric contrast in radiative heating and cooling as the main driver of the stratospheric dayside-to-nightside circulation. An age-of-air experiment shows that the mechanism also impacts other tracer species in the atmosphere (gaseous and non-gaseous phase) as long as chemical lifetimes exceed dynamical lifetimes. These findings, applicable to exoplanets in similar orbital configurations, illustrate the 3D nature of planetary atmospheres and the spatial and temporal variability that we can expect to impact spectroscopic observations of exoplanet atmospheres.