Separation and Visualization of Glycans by Fluorophore-Assisted Carbohydrate Electrophoresis

Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE) is a method in which a fluorophore is covalently attached to the reducing end of carbohydrates, thereby allowing visualization following high-resolution separation by electrophoresis. This method can be used for carbohydrate profiling and sequencing, as well as for the determination of the specificity of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Here, we describe and demonstrate the use of FACE to separate and visualize the glycans released following digestion of oligosaccharides by glycoside hydrolases (GHs) using two examples: (1) the digestion of chitobiose by the streptococcal β-hexosaminidase GH20C, and (2) the digestion of glycogen by the GH13 member SpuA.