Ring galaxies through off-center minor collisions by tuning bulge-to-disk mass ratio of progenitors

Collisional ring galaxies (CRGs) are formed through off-center collisions between a target galaxy and an intruder dwarf galaxy. We study the mass distribution and kinematics of CRGs by tuning the bulge-to-disk mass ratio (B/D) for the progenitor; i.e., the target galaxy. We find that the lifetime of the ring correlates with the initial impact velocity vertical to the disk plane (i.e., v_z0). Three orbits for the collisional galaxy pair, on which clear and asymmetric rings form after collisions, are selected to perform the N -body simulations at different values of B/D for the progenitor. It is found that the ring structures are the strongest for CRGs with small values of B/D . The Sérsic index, n , of the central remnant in the target galaxy becomes larger after collision. Moreover, the Sérsic index of a central remnant strongly correlates with the initial value of B/D for the progenitor. A bulge-less progenitor results in a late-type object in the center of the ring galaxy, whereas a bulge-dominated progenitor leads to an early-type central remnant. Progenitors with B/D ∈ [0.1, 0.3] (i.e., minor bulges) leave central remnants with n  ≈ 4. These results provide a possible explanation for the formation of a recently observed CRG with an early-type central nucleus, SDSS J1634+2049. In addition, we find that the radial and azimuthal velocity profiles for a ring galaxy are more sensitive to the B/D than the initial relative velocity of the progenitor.