Researching identity in the imposed boundaries of the nation-state: a meta-analytical review of identity and intergroup relations between Kurds and Turks

We conducted three meta-analyses on 28 studies examining the role of ethnic and national identity in outgroup attitudes, perception of discrimination against Kurds, and support for minority rights within the context of Turkish–Kurdish conflict (e.g., state oppression against Kurds and Kurdish resistance in Turkey). Results revealed a negative relationship between identity and outgroup attitudes. The role of identity in perceived discrimination and support for minority rights was inconsistent and mostly dependent on ethnic group status. We found a negative relationship between identity and perceived discrimination against Kurds among Turks and a positive relationship among Kurds. Additionally, there was a negative relationship between Turkish identity and support for minority rights, while the relationship among Kurds was not significant. Overall, our study demonstrates that intergroup relations in this context are far more complex (and different from others) than often assumed, and it can be harmful to presume symmetrical associations across different groups.