(Re-)setting the world stage: role theory and transitional orders

This article offers a role theoretical perspective on transitional orders, the liminal space between one order and the next. Role theory understands international order as an evolving role system, in which states seek and reject roles for themselves and others. We argue that established international orders can be destabilized by widespread role change dynamics, giving rise to transitional orders that are marked by deep uncertainty about available and appropriate roles in the role system. We identify the spread of order-related domestic role contestation and the weakening of international role socialization as the main mechanisms driving towards transitional orders. These two interlinked processes—domestic contestation and international socialization—are also entwined with particular role dynamics within transitional orders. Specifically, we propose that the uncertainty of order transitions results in three types of role dynamics: Transitional orders confront role holders with dilemmas that require them to interrogate existing role relationships; put order-related questions at the center of role-seeking behaviors; and elevate existential sovereignty concerns, both domestically and internationally. In these ways, role dynamics shape the major features of transitional orders, including their intentionality, fluidity and temporality.