Post-embryonic development of rectifying electrical synapses in the crayfish: ultrastructure

The post-embryonic development of the rectifying Giant Fibre-Motor Giant (GF-MoG) synapse and the Giant Fibre-Segmental Giant (GF-SG) synapse has been investigated using electron-microscopy. In adults, the MoG and SG neurons make contact with the GFs by sending narrow 'finger-like' processes through the glial and connective tissue sheath surrounding each GF. The junctional region is characterized by closely apposed membranes (approximately 4 nm separation) traversed by regularly spaced connections, and large (60-80 nm) spherical vesicles in the presynaptic fibre. In newly hatched crayfish junctional contact is made over extensive areas of flat membrane apposition, due to the absence of a thick connective sheath around the giant fibres. Initially the junctional region is dominated by contacts which are morphologically indistinguishable from chemical synapses, i.e. 1. The apposed membranes are separated by a cleft of approximately 20-30 nm (an order of magnitude larger than the cleft distance at electrotonic synapses). 2. There is pre- and post-synaptic thickening of the junctional membranes with a dense cytoplasmic material. 3. Small (25-40nm) pleomorphic vesicles are found on the presynaptic side of the junction, commonly in association with a dense presynaptic bar. Regions of junctional contact displaying the adult electrotonic-type morphology first appear at approximately one week post-hatching. At this age they are limited in distribution and occupy a central position in the area of contact surrounded by a broad 'chemical-like' annulus. During subsequent development these sites with electrotonic-type morphology grow in relative size, so that the 'chemical-like' sites become compressed towards the edges of the regions of contact. The adult type of morphology, in which the 'chemical-like' regions are vestigial, is achieved approximately two months after hatching.