On the functional group tolerance of ester hydrogenation and polyester depolymerisation catalysed by ruthenium complexes of tridentate aminophosphine ligands

The synthesis of a range of phosphine-diamine, phosphine-amino-alcohol, and phosphine-amino-amide ligands and their ruthenium(II) complexes are reported. Five of these were characterised by X-ray crystallography. The activity of this collection of catalysts was initially compared for the hydrogenation of two model ester hydrogenations. Turnover frequencies up to 2400 h^-1 were observed at 85 ^oC. The catalysts turnover, albeit slowly at near ambient temperatures. Using a phosphine diamine Ru^II complex that was identified as the most active catalyst, a range of aromatic esters were reduced in high yield. The hydrogenation of alkene-, diene-, and alkyne functionalised esters was also studied. Substrates with a remote, but reactive terminal alkene substitutent could be reduced chemoselectively in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) co-catalyst. The chemoselective reduction of the ester function in conjugated dienoate ethyl sorbate could deliver (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dien-1-ol, a precursor to leaf alcohol. The mono-unsaturated alcohol (E)-hex-4-en-1-ol was produced with reasonable selectivity, but complete chemoselectivity of C=O over the diene is elusive. High chemoselectivity for the reduction of an ester over an alkyne group was observed in the hydrogenation of an alkynoate for the first time. The catalysts were also active in the depolymerisation reduction of samples of waste PET to produce benzene dimethanol. These depolymerisations were found to be poisoned by the ethylene glycol side product, although good yields could still be achieved.