Leaf Surface Roughness Elicits Leaf Swallowing Behavior in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Bonobos (P-paniscus), but not in Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) or Orangutans (Pongo abelii)

Claudia Menzel*, Andrew Fowler, Claudio Tennie, Josep Call

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Researchers have described apparently self-medicative behaviors for a variety of nonhuman species including birds and primates. Wild chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas have been observed to swallow rough leaves without chewing, a behavior proposed to be self-medicative and to aid control of intestinal parasites. Researchers have hypothesized that the presence of hairs on the leaf surface elicits the behavior. We investigated the acquisition and the underlying mechanisms of leaf swallowing. We provided 42 captive great apes (24 chimpanzees, six bonobos, six gorillas, and six orangutans) with both rough-surfaced and hairless plants. None of the subjects had previously been observed to engage in leaf swallowing behavior and were therefore assumed na <ve. Two chimpanzees and one bonobo swallowed rough-surfaced leaves spontaneously without chewing them. In a social setup six more chimpanzees acquired the behavior. None of the gorillas or orangutans showed leaf swallowing. Because this behavior occurred in na <ve individuals, we conclude that it is part of the behavioral repertoire of chimpanzees and bonobos. Social learning is thus not strictly required for the acquisition of leaf swallowing, but it may still facilitate its expression. The fact that apes always chewed leaves of hairless control plants before swallowing, i.e., normal feeding behavior, indicates that the surface structure of leaves is indeed a determinant for initiating leaf swallowing in apes where it occurs.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)533-553
Number of pages21
JournalInternational Journal of Primatology
Volume34
Issue number3
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jun 2013

Keywords

  • Culture
  • Great apes
  • Latent solution
  • Leaf swallowing
  • Self-medication
  • Social learning
  • SELF-MEDICATIVE BEHAVIOR
  • WILD CHIMPANZEES
  • MAHALE MOUNTAINS
  • MEDICINAL-PLANT
  • NATIONAL-PARK
  • INFECTION
  • TANZANIA
  • PERSPECTIVE
  • EVOLUTION
  • CULTURE

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