In situ thermal battery discharge using CoS₂ as a cathode material

Thermal batteries are an established primary battery technology and the most commonly used cathodes in these batteries are transition metal disulfides MS₂ (where M = Co, Ni and Fe). However, understanding the evolution of crystalline phases upon battery discharge has been hindered due to the high temperature operation of these batteries. Here we report an experiment that simultaneously collects powder neutron diffraction and electrochemical data as the battery is discharged. Four regions are observed in the diffraction data and four different cobalt containing phases are observed. Multi-phase Rietveld refinement has been used to monitor the evolution of phases during discharge and this is linked to the battery discharge profile. A new discharge mechanism has been proposed which involves hexagonal CoS instead of Co₃S₄, and the increase in unit cell parameters on discharge suggests the formation of a sulfur deficient solid solution before transformation to Co₉S₈. This behavior seems reminiscent of that of NiS₂ suggesting that the discharge mechanisms of transition metal disulfides may have more similarities than originally thought.