Faecal carriage of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in people living with HIV in Yaoundé, Cameroon

Objectives: Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global health issue with multidimensional repercussions. There is a paucity of data regarding the molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales (MDR-E) and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) in Africa, especially among people living with HIV (PLHIV). This study aimed at determining the prevalence, risk factors, phenotypic and genotypic profiles of MDR-E and ESBL-PE isolated from PLHIV in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Methods: In total, samples were collected from 185 PLHIV during a three-month period (April–June 2021) at the Yaoundé Central Hospital. Stool samples and rectal swabs were collected and cultured on MacConkey agar. The API 20E kit was used for the phenotypic identification of the isolates, whereas antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The ß-lactamase genes and genotypic relatedness were studied by PCR and ERIC-PCR, respectively. Results: The prevalence of MDR-E among PLHIV was 81%, of which 39% were ESBL-PE. A high level of resistance to fosfomycin (89%), chloramphenicol (63%), and gentamicin (56%) was observed. Escherichia coli was the predominant MDR non-ESBL-PE (80.8%) and MDR ESBL-PE (73.77%). The principal ß-lactamases genes in MDR non-ESBL and MDR ESBL-PE were bla_TEM (62.90%) and bla_CTX-M (40.86%), respectively. Genetic fingerprinting revealed high genetic relatedness among E. coli isolates. Conclusion: This study shows a high prevalence of MDR-E and ESBL-PE in the gut of PLHIV in Yaoundé, with bla_TEM and bla_CTX-M being the most prevalent. It demonstrates the need to strengthen real-time surveillance of these resistant bacteria in order to improve management of infection among PLHIV.