Empirical models for the spatial distribution of wildlife

Empirical models for spatial distribution of wildlife, given data from a complete census or a random sample of sites, are reviewed. Use of covariates, recorded at different resolutions, for modelling spatial distribution is explored. Presentation of model predictions in map form is discussed. A framework of models for change in spatial distribution, given data from successive surveys, is developed. Methods for quantifying and presenting precision and bias are described. The methods are illustrated for green woodpecker Picus viridis, redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus and red deer Cervus elaphus, using data from NE Scotland. -Authors