Depression, drugs and dental anxiety in prisons: a mediation model explaining dental decay experience

Garima Arora; Gerry Humphris; Satu Lahti; Derek Richards; Ruth Freeman

doi:10.1111/cdoe.12522

Depression, drugs and dental anxiety in prisons: a mediation model explaining dental decay experience

Garima Arora, Gerry Humphris, Satu Lahti, Derek Richards, Ruth Freeman

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Objective

To test a theoretical mediation model and investigate whether drug use and/or dental anxiety act as mediating factors between depression and dental decay experience among prisoners.

Method

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted on a convenience sample of 300 prisoners across three prison establishments in Scotland. Depression and dental anxiety were measured using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale, respectively. Drug use was assessed using three yes (scoring 1)/ no (scoring 0) questions: ‘ever taken (illegal) drugs’, ‘injecting drugs’ and ‘ever participated in a rehabilitation programme’. Participants had an oral examination to determine dental caries experience (missing [MT] and untreated decay [D_3cvT]) in all four quadrants. Latent variable path analysis was conducted to test the mediation model.

Results

A total of 342 prisoners participated, of which 298 yielded a complete data set. Depression was associated with missing teeth and untreated decay (D₃T) through an indirect pathway (Total standardized indirect effects = 0.11, P < .01) via drug use and dental anxiety (X² [71] = 89.8, P = .07; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation: 0.03; Comparative Fit Index: 0.994 and Tucker‐Lewis index: 0.992). Twenty‐two percent of the variance in untreated decay and missing teeth was explained by both drug use and dental anxiety; however, the strongest predictor was drug use (total standardized direct effects = 0.45, P < .001).

Conclusion

A relatively simple model to assist understanding dental decay experience of people in prison has been proposed. The data collected were consistent with our specified model. Drug use acted as the primary mediator and dental anxiety as a secondary mediator between depression and dental decay experience. Given the co‐morbidity between mental health and drug use and dental decay experience, an integrated or shared approach is proposed. We recommend that future research should concentrate on building a firmer picture by replicating and extending the framework presented.

Original language	English
Journal	Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
Volume	Early View
Early online date	10 Feb 2020
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12522
Publication status	E-pub ahead of print - 10 Feb 2020

Keywords

Dental decay
Experience
Prison
Depression
Drug use
Dental anxiety

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1111/cdoe.12522

Prison Paper_revision_13_11_19_rewriteGH2
Copyright © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This work has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies or with permission. Permission for further reuse of this content should be sought from the publisher or the rights holder. This is the author created accepted manuscript following peer review and may differ slightly from the final published version. The final published version of this work is available at https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12522
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Cite this

@article{49d83371209941edabfee5c517c87846,

title = "Depression, drugs and dental anxiety in prisons: a mediation model explaining dental decay experience",

abstract = " Objective To test a theoretical mediation model and investigate whether drug use and/or dental anxiety act as mediating factors between depression and dental decay experience among prisoners. Method A cross‐sectional survey was conducted on a convenience sample of 300 prisoners across three prison establishments in Scotland. Depression and dental anxiety were measured using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale, respectively. Drug use was assessed using three yes (scoring 1)/ no (scoring 0) questions: {\textquoteleft}ever taken (illegal) drugs{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteleft}injecting drugs{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}ever participated in a rehabilitation programme{\textquoteright}. Participants had an oral examination to determine dental caries experience (missing [MT] and untreated decay [D3cvT]) in all four quadrants. Latent variable path analysis was conducted to test the mediation model. Results A total of 342 prisoners participated, of which 298 yielded a complete data set. Depression was associated with missing teeth and untreated decay (D3T) through an indirect pathway (Total standardized indirect effects = 0.11, P < .01) via drug use and dental anxiety (X2 [71] = 89.8, P = .07; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation: 0.03; Comparative Fit Index: 0.994 and Tucker‐Lewis index: 0.992). Twenty‐two percent of the variance in untreated decay and missing teeth was explained by both drug use and dental anxiety; however, the strongest predictor was drug use (total standardized direct effects = 0.45, P < .001). Conclusion A relatively simple model to assist understanding dental decay experience of people in prison has been proposed. The data collected were consistent with our specified model. Drug use acted as the primary mediator and dental anxiety as a secondary mediator between depression and dental decay experience. Given the co‐morbidity between mental health and drug use and dental decay experience, an integrated or shared approach is proposed. We recommend that future research should concentrate on building a firmer picture by replicating and extending the framework presented. ",

keywords = "Dental decay, Experience, Prison, Depression, Drug use, Dental anxiety",

author = "Garima Arora and Gerry Humphris and Satu Lahti and Derek Richards and Ruth Freeman",

note = "Funding: Scottish Government (award number: 121.804485) and support from the Scottish Prison Service and participating NHS Boards.",

year = "2020",

month = feb,

day = "10",

doi = "10.1111/cdoe.12522",

language = "English",

volume = "Early View",

journal = "Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology",

issn = "0301-5661",

publisher = "Blackwell Munksgaard",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Depression, drugs and dental anxiety in prisons

T2 - a mediation model explaining dental decay experience

AU - Arora, Garima

AU - Humphris, Gerry

AU - Lahti, Satu

AU - Richards, Derek

AU - Freeman, Ruth

N1 - Funding: Scottish Government (award number: 121.804485) and support from the Scottish Prison Service and participating NHS Boards.

PY - 2020/2/10

Y1 - 2020/2/10

N2 - Objective To test a theoretical mediation model and investigate whether drug use and/or dental anxiety act as mediating factors between depression and dental decay experience among prisoners. Method A cross‐sectional survey was conducted on a convenience sample of 300 prisoners across three prison establishments in Scotland. Depression and dental anxiety were measured using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale, respectively. Drug use was assessed using three yes (scoring 1)/ no (scoring 0) questions: ‘ever taken (illegal) drugs’, ‘injecting drugs’ and ‘ever participated in a rehabilitation programme’. Participants had an oral examination to determine dental caries experience (missing [MT] and untreated decay [D3cvT]) in all four quadrants. Latent variable path analysis was conducted to test the mediation model. Results A total of 342 prisoners participated, of which 298 yielded a complete data set. Depression was associated with missing teeth and untreated decay (D3T) through an indirect pathway (Total standardized indirect effects = 0.11, P < .01) via drug use and dental anxiety (X2 [71] = 89.8, P = .07; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation: 0.03; Comparative Fit Index: 0.994 and Tucker‐Lewis index: 0.992). Twenty‐two percent of the variance in untreated decay and missing teeth was explained by both drug use and dental anxiety; however, the strongest predictor was drug use (total standardized direct effects = 0.45, P < .001). Conclusion A relatively simple model to assist understanding dental decay experience of people in prison has been proposed. The data collected were consistent with our specified model. Drug use acted as the primary mediator and dental anxiety as a secondary mediator between depression and dental decay experience. Given the co‐morbidity between mental health and drug use and dental decay experience, an integrated or shared approach is proposed. We recommend that future research should concentrate on building a firmer picture by replicating and extending the framework presented.

AB - Objective To test a theoretical mediation model and investigate whether drug use and/or dental anxiety act as mediating factors between depression and dental decay experience among prisoners. Method A cross‐sectional survey was conducted on a convenience sample of 300 prisoners across three prison establishments in Scotland. Depression and dental anxiety were measured using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale, respectively. Drug use was assessed using three yes (scoring 1)/ no (scoring 0) questions: ‘ever taken (illegal) drugs’, ‘injecting drugs’ and ‘ever participated in a rehabilitation programme’. Participants had an oral examination to determine dental caries experience (missing [MT] and untreated decay [D3cvT]) in all four quadrants. Latent variable path analysis was conducted to test the mediation model. Results A total of 342 prisoners participated, of which 298 yielded a complete data set. Depression was associated with missing teeth and untreated decay (D3T) through an indirect pathway (Total standardized indirect effects = 0.11, P < .01) via drug use and dental anxiety (X2 [71] = 89.8, P = .07; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation: 0.03; Comparative Fit Index: 0.994 and Tucker‐Lewis index: 0.992). Twenty‐two percent of the variance in untreated decay and missing teeth was explained by both drug use and dental anxiety; however, the strongest predictor was drug use (total standardized direct effects = 0.45, P < .001). Conclusion A relatively simple model to assist understanding dental decay experience of people in prison has been proposed. The data collected were consistent with our specified model. Drug use acted as the primary mediator and dental anxiety as a secondary mediator between depression and dental decay experience. Given the co‐morbidity between mental health and drug use and dental decay experience, an integrated or shared approach is proposed. We recommend that future research should concentrate on building a firmer picture by replicating and extending the framework presented.

KW - Dental decay

KW - Experience

KW - Prison

KW - Depression

KW - Drug use

KW - Dental anxiety

U2 - 10.1111/cdoe.12522

DO - 10.1111/cdoe.12522

M3 - Article

SN - 0301-5661

VL - Early View

JO - Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology

JF - Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology

ER -

Depression, drugs and dental anxiety in prisons: a mediation model explaining dental decay experience

Abstract

Keywords

UN SDGs

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