@inbook{155cf169950e463bb5146749197effac,
title = "Constructing Britain{\textquoteright}s hated landscapes: the linguistic and ideological construction of Toxteth",
abstract = "This chapter explores the centrality of rhetoric in the formation of landscapes of hate by examining the application of the label {\textquoteleft}inner city{\textquoteright}. A discourse analysis of British newspapers and policy documents in the 1980s is undertaken to show how applying the term {\textquoteleft}inner city{\textquoteright} labelled Toxteth, in Liverpool, UK, giving it a specific, racialized, classed, stigmatized and {\textquoteleft}othered{\textquoteright} identity; and that this was a deliberate rhetorical and ideological act making Toxteth the {\textquoteleft}poster child{\textquoteright} of the 1980s {\textquoteleft}inner city problem{\textquoteright} and the testing ground for related solutions. The chapter{\textquoteright}s historical study of Toxteth represents a paradigmatic case from which we can learn and apply the findings to contemporary debates regarding the invention of spatial stigma and hate, and the later attempts to {\textquoteleft}unhate{\textquoteright} areas through white middle-class gentrification and privatization.",
keywords = "Inner city, Stigmatization, Gentrification, Unhating",
author = "Alice Butler-Warke",
year = "2022",
month = sep,
day = "28",
doi = "10.1332/policypress/9781529215175.003.0004",
language = "English",
isbn = "9781529215175",
series = "Spaces and practices of justice",
publisher = "Bristol University Press",
pages = "58–77",
editor = "Edward Hall and Clayton, {John } and Catherine Donovan",
booktitle = "Landscapes of hate",
address = "United Kingdom",
}
