Characterizing planetary systems with SPIRou: detection of a sub-Neptune in a 6-day period orbit around the M dwarf Gl 410

A. Carmona; X. Delfosse; M. Ould-Elhkim; P. Cortés-Zuleta; N. C. Hara; E. Artigau; C. Moutou; A. C. Petit; L. Mignon; J. F. Donati; N. J. Cook; J. Gagné; T. Forveille; R. F. Diaz; E. Martioli; L. Arnold; C. Cadieux; I. Boisse; J. Morin; P. Petit; P. Fouqué; X. Bonfils; G. Hébrard; L. Acuña; J.-D. do Nascimento, Jr.; R. Cloutier; N. Astudillo-Defru; F. Bouchy; V. Bourrier; S. Dalal; M. Deleuil; R. Doyon; X. Dumusque; S. Grouffal; N. Heidari; S. Hoyer; P. Larue; F. Kiefer; A. Santerne; D. Ségransan; J. Serrano Bell; M. Stalport; S. Sulis; S. Udry; H. G. Vivien

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452513

Characterizing planetary systems with SPIRou: detection of a sub-Neptune in a 6-day period orbit around the M dwarf Gl 410

A. Carmona^*, X. Delfosse, M. Ould-Elhkim, P. Cortés-Zuleta, N. C. Hara, E. Artigau, C. Moutou, A. C. Petit, L. Mignon, J. F. Donati, N. J. Cook, J. Gagné, T. Forveille, R. F. Diaz, E. Martioli, L. Arnold, C. Cadieux, I. Boisse, J. Morin, P. PetitP. Fouqué, X. Bonfils, G. Hébrard, L. Acuña, J.-D. do Nascimento, Jr., R. Cloutier, N. Astudillo-Defru, F. Bouchy, V. Bourrier, S. Dalal, M. Deleuil, R. Doyon, X. Dumusque, S. Grouffal, N. Heidari, S. Hoyer, P. Larue, F. Kiefer, A. Santerne, D. Ségransan, J. Serrano Bell, M. Stalport, S. Sulis, S. Udry, H. G. Vivien

^*Corresponding author for this work

School of Physics and Astronomy

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Context. The search for exoplanets around nearby M dwarfs represents a crucial milestone in the census of planetary systems in the vicinity of our Solar System.

Aims. Since 2018 our team has been conducting a blind search program for planets around nearby M dwarfs with the near-IR spectro-polarimeter and velocimeter SPIRou at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope and with the optical velocimeter SOPHIE at the Haute-Provence Observatory in France. The aim of this paper is to present our results on Gl 410, a 0.55 M_⊙ 480 ± 150 Myr old active M dwarf distant 12 pc.

Methods. We searched for planetary companions using radial velocities (RVs). We used the line-by-line (LBL) technique to measure the RVs with SPIRou and the template matching method with SOPHIE. Three different methods were employed, two based on principal component analysis (PCA), to clean the SPIRou RVs for systematics. We applied Gaussian processes (GP) modeling to correct the SOPHIE RVs for stellar activity. The ℓ₁ and apodized sine periodogram analysis was used to search for planetary signals in the SPIRou data taking into account activity indicators. We analyzed TESS data and searched for planetary transits.

Results. We report the detection of a M sin(i) = 8.4 ± 1.3 M_⊕ sub-Neptune planet at a period of 6.020 ± 0.004 days in circular orbit with SPIRou. The same signal, although with lower significance, was also retrieved in the SOPHIE RV data after correction for activity using a GP trained on SPIRou’s longitudinal magnetic field (B_ℓ) measurements. The TESS data indicate that the planet is not transiting. Within the SPIRou wPCA RVs, we find tentative evidence for two additional planetary signals at 2.99 and 18.7 days.

Conclusions. Infrared RVs are a powerful method to detect extrasolar planets around active M dwarfs. Care should be taken, however, to correct or filter systematics generated by residuals of the telluric correction or small structures in the detector plane. The LBL technique combined with PCA offers a promising way to reach this objective. Further monitoring of Gl 410 is necessary.

Original language	English
Article number	A222
Number of pages	30
Journal	Astronomy & Astrophysics
Volume	700
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452513
Publication status	Published - 19 Aug 2025

Keywords

Methods: observational
Techniques: radial velocities
Techniques: spectroscopic
Planets and satellites: detection
Planetary systems

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Carmona, A., Delfosse, X., Ould-Elhkim, M., Cortés-Zuleta, P., Hara, N. C., Artigau, E., Moutou, C., Petit, A. C., Mignon, L., Donati, J. F., Cook, N. J., Gagné, J., Forveille, T., Diaz, R. F., Martioli, E., Arnold, L., Cadieux, C., Boisse, I., Morin, J., ... Vivien, H. G. (2025). Characterizing planetary systems with SPIRou: detection of a sub-Neptune in a 6-day period orbit around the M dwarf Gl 410. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 700, Article A222. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452513

@article{74cad7dca73c44429689685f1694fd23,

title = "Characterizing planetary systems with SPIRou: detection of a sub-Neptune in a 6-day period orbit around the M dwarf Gl 410",

abstract = "Context. The search for exoplanets around nearby M dwarfs represents a crucial milestone in the census of planetary systems in the vicinity of our Solar System. Aims. Since 2018 our team has been conducting a blind search program for planets around nearby M dwarfs with the near-IR spectro-polarimeter and velocimeter SPIRou at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope and with the optical velocimeter SOPHIE at the Haute-Provence Observatory in France. The aim of this paper is to present our results on Gl 410, a 0.55 M⊙ 480 ± 150 Myr old active M dwarf distant 12 pc. Methods. We searched for planetary companions using radial velocities (RVs). We used the line-by-line (LBL) technique to measure the RVs with SPIRou and the template matching method with SOPHIE. Three different methods were employed, two based on principal component analysis (PCA), to clean the SPIRou RVs for systematics. We applied Gaussian processes (GP) modeling to correct the SOPHIE RVs for stellar activity. The ℓ1 and apodized sine periodogram analysis was used to search for planetary signals in the SPIRou data taking into account activity indicators. We analyzed TESS data and searched for planetary transits. Results. We report the detection of a M sin(i) = 8.4 ± 1.3 M⊕ sub-Neptune planet at a period of 6.020 ± 0.004 days in circular orbit with SPIRou. The same signal, although with lower significance, was also retrieved in the SOPHIE RV data after correction for activity using a GP trained on SPIRou{\textquoteright}s longitudinal magnetic field (Bℓ) measurements. The TESS data indicate that the planet is not transiting. Within the SPIRou wPCA RVs, we find tentative evidence for two additional planetary signals at 2.99 and 18.7 days. Conclusions. Infrared RVs are a powerful method to detect extrasolar planets around active M dwarfs. Care should be taken, however, to correct or filter systematics generated by residuals of the telluric correction or small structures in the detector plane. The LBL technique combined with PCA offers a promising way to reach this objective. Further monitoring of Gl 410 is necessary.",

keywords = "Methods: observational, Techniques: radial velocities, Techniques: spectroscopic, Planets and satellites: detection, Planetary systems",

author = "A. Carmona and X. Delfosse and M. Ould-Elhkim and P. Cort{\'e}s-Zuleta and Hara, \{N. C.\} and E. Artigau and C. Moutou and Petit, \{A. C.\} and L. Mignon and Donati, \{J. F.\} and Cook, \{N. J.\} and J. Gagn{\'e} and T. Forveille and Diaz, \{R. F.\} and E. Martioli and L. Arnold and C. Cadieux and I. Boisse and J. Morin and P. Petit and P. Fouqu{\'e} and X. Bonfils and G. H{\'e}brard and L. Acu{\~n}a and \{do Nascimento, Jr.\}, J.-D. and R. Cloutier and N. Astudillo-Defru and F. Bouchy and V. Bourrier and S. Dalal and M. Deleuil and R. Doyon and X. Dumusque and S. Grouffal and N. Heidari and S. Hoyer and P. Larue and F. Kiefer and A. Santerne and D. S{\'e}gransan and \{Serrano Bell\}, J. and M. Stalport and S. Sulis and S. Udry and Vivien, \{H. G.\}",

note = "Funding: The authors acknowledge funding from the French ANR under contract number ANR18CE310019 (SPlaSH). This work is supported by the French National Research Agency in the framework of the Investissements d{\textquoteright}Avenir program (ANR-15-IDEX-02), through the funding of the “Origin of Life” project of the Grenoble-Alpes University. JFD acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the H2020 research \& innovation program (grant agreement \#740651 NewWorlds). This work was supported by the “Programme National de Plan{\'e}tologie” (PNP) of CNRS/INSU. E.M. acknowledges funding from FAPEMIG under project number APQ-02493-22 and research productivity grant number 309829/2022-4 awarded by the CNPq, Brazil.",

year = "2025",

month = aug,

day = "19",

doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/202452513",

language = "English",

volume = "700",

journal = "Astronomy \& Astrophysics",

issn = "0004-6361",

publisher = "EDP Sciences",

}

Carmona, A, Delfosse, X, Ould-Elhkim, M, Cortés-Zuleta, P, Hara, NC, Artigau, E, Moutou, C, Petit, AC, Mignon, L, Donati, JF, Cook, NJ, Gagné, J, Forveille, T, Diaz, RF, Martioli, E, Arnold, L, Cadieux, C, Boisse, I, Morin, J, Petit, P, Fouqué, P, Bonfils, X, Hébrard, G, Acuña, L, do Nascimento, Jr., J-D, Cloutier, R, Astudillo-Defru, N, Bouchy, F, Bourrier, V, Dalal, S, Deleuil, M, Doyon, R, Dumusque, X, Grouffal, S, Heidari, N, Hoyer, S, Larue, P, Kiefer, F, Santerne, A, Ségransan, D, Serrano Bell, J, Stalport, M, Sulis, S, Udry, S & Vivien, HG 2025, 'Characterizing planetary systems with SPIRou: detection of a sub-Neptune in a 6-day period orbit around the M dwarf Gl 410', Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 700, A222. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452513

TY - JOUR

T1 - Characterizing planetary systems with SPIRou

T2 - detection of a sub-Neptune in a 6-day period orbit around the M dwarf Gl 410

AU - Carmona, A.

AU - Delfosse, X.

AU - Ould-Elhkim, M.

AU - Cortés-Zuleta, P.

AU - Hara, N. C.

AU - Artigau, E.

AU - Moutou, C.

AU - Petit, A. C.

AU - Mignon, L.

AU - Donati, J. F.

AU - Cook, N. J.

AU - Gagné, J.

AU - Forveille, T.

AU - Diaz, R. F.

AU - Martioli, E.

AU - Arnold, L.

AU - Cadieux, C.

AU - Boisse, I.

AU - Morin, J.

AU - Petit, P.

AU - Fouqué, P.

AU - Bonfils, X.

AU - Hébrard, G.

AU - Acuña, L.

AU - do Nascimento, Jr., J.-D.

AU - Cloutier, R.

AU - Astudillo-Defru, N.

AU - Bouchy, F.

AU - Bourrier, V.

AU - Dalal, S.

AU - Deleuil, M.

AU - Doyon, R.

AU - Dumusque, X.

AU - Grouffal, S.

AU - Heidari, N.

AU - Hoyer, S.

AU - Larue, P.

AU - Kiefer, F.

AU - Santerne, A.

AU - Ségransan, D.

AU - Serrano Bell, J.

AU - Stalport, M.

AU - Sulis, S.

AU - Udry, S.

AU - Vivien, H. G.

N1 - Funding: The authors acknowledge funding from the French ANR under contract number ANR18CE310019 (SPlaSH). This work is supported by the French National Research Agency in the framework of the Investissements d’Avenir program (ANR-15-IDEX-02), through the funding of the “Origin of Life” project of the Grenoble-Alpes University. JFD acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the H2020 research & innovation program (grant agreement #740651 NewWorlds). This work was supported by the “Programme National de Planétologie” (PNP) of CNRS/INSU. E.M. acknowledges funding from FAPEMIG under project number APQ-02493-22 and research productivity grant number 309829/2022-4 awarded by the CNPq, Brazil.

PY - 2025/8/19

Y1 - 2025/8/19

N2 - Context. The search for exoplanets around nearby M dwarfs represents a crucial milestone in the census of planetary systems in the vicinity of our Solar System. Aims. Since 2018 our team has been conducting a blind search program for planets around nearby M dwarfs with the near-IR spectro-polarimeter and velocimeter SPIRou at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope and with the optical velocimeter SOPHIE at the Haute-Provence Observatory in France. The aim of this paper is to present our results on Gl 410, a 0.55 M⊙ 480 ± 150 Myr old active M dwarf distant 12 pc. Methods. We searched for planetary companions using radial velocities (RVs). We used the line-by-line (LBL) technique to measure the RVs with SPIRou and the template matching method with SOPHIE. Three different methods were employed, two based on principal component analysis (PCA), to clean the SPIRou RVs for systematics. We applied Gaussian processes (GP) modeling to correct the SOPHIE RVs for stellar activity. The ℓ1 and apodized sine periodogram analysis was used to search for planetary signals in the SPIRou data taking into account activity indicators. We analyzed TESS data and searched for planetary transits. Results. We report the detection of a M sin(i) = 8.4 ± 1.3 M⊕ sub-Neptune planet at a period of 6.020 ± 0.004 days in circular orbit with SPIRou. The same signal, although with lower significance, was also retrieved in the SOPHIE RV data after correction for activity using a GP trained on SPIRou’s longitudinal magnetic field (Bℓ) measurements. The TESS data indicate that the planet is not transiting. Within the SPIRou wPCA RVs, we find tentative evidence for two additional planetary signals at 2.99 and 18.7 days. Conclusions. Infrared RVs are a powerful method to detect extrasolar planets around active M dwarfs. Care should be taken, however, to correct or filter systematics generated by residuals of the telluric correction or small structures in the detector plane. The LBL technique combined with PCA offers a promising way to reach this objective. Further monitoring of Gl 410 is necessary.

AB - Context. The search for exoplanets around nearby M dwarfs represents a crucial milestone in the census of planetary systems in the vicinity of our Solar System. Aims. Since 2018 our team has been conducting a blind search program for planets around nearby M dwarfs with the near-IR spectro-polarimeter and velocimeter SPIRou at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope and with the optical velocimeter SOPHIE at the Haute-Provence Observatory in France. The aim of this paper is to present our results on Gl 410, a 0.55 M⊙ 480 ± 150 Myr old active M dwarf distant 12 pc. Methods. We searched for planetary companions using radial velocities (RVs). We used the line-by-line (LBL) technique to measure the RVs with SPIRou and the template matching method with SOPHIE. Three different methods were employed, two based on principal component analysis (PCA), to clean the SPIRou RVs for systematics. We applied Gaussian processes (GP) modeling to correct the SOPHIE RVs for stellar activity. The ℓ1 and apodized sine periodogram analysis was used to search for planetary signals in the SPIRou data taking into account activity indicators. We analyzed TESS data and searched for planetary transits. Results. We report the detection of a M sin(i) = 8.4 ± 1.3 M⊕ sub-Neptune planet at a period of 6.020 ± 0.004 days in circular orbit with SPIRou. The same signal, although with lower significance, was also retrieved in the SOPHIE RV data after correction for activity using a GP trained on SPIRou’s longitudinal magnetic field (Bℓ) measurements. The TESS data indicate that the planet is not transiting. Within the SPIRou wPCA RVs, we find tentative evidence for two additional planetary signals at 2.99 and 18.7 days. Conclusions. Infrared RVs are a powerful method to detect extrasolar planets around active M dwarfs. Care should be taken, however, to correct or filter systematics generated by residuals of the telluric correction or small structures in the detector plane. The LBL technique combined with PCA offers a promising way to reach this objective. Further monitoring of Gl 410 is necessary.

KW - Methods: observational

KW - Techniques: radial velocities

KW - Techniques: spectroscopic

KW - Planets and satellites: detection

KW - Planetary systems

U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202452513

DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202452513

M3 - Article

SN - 0004-6361

VL - 700

JO - Astronomy & Astrophysics

JF - Astronomy & Astrophysics

M1 - A222

ER -

Characterizing planetary systems with SPIRou: detection of a sub-Neptune in a 6-day period orbit around the M dwarf Gl 410

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