Assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) affects a significant proportion of patients and can impact quality of life. It is a common presentation to both primary and secondary care and can be non-specific with a wide range of pathophysiological causes. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of LUTS is required to identify the contributing factors and to allow appropriate management. This article will focus on the symptoms and signs of LUTS, clarification of commonly used terminology and the important aspects to consider when assessing LUTS. We will discuss some of the valuable tools as part the diagnostic evaluation of LUTS including validated symptom questionnaire, bladder diary, urinalysis, blood tests, imaging and urodynamics.