@inbook{b7315015f4d448509781756a6d4454d7,
title = "Assessing the effectiveness of ramp-up during sonar operations using exposure models",
abstract = "Ramp-up procedures are used to mitigate the impact of sound on marine mammals. Sound exposure models combined with observations of marine mammals responding to sound can be used to assess the effectiveness of ramp-up procedures. We found that ramp-up procedures before full-level sonar operations can reduce the risk of hearing threshold shifts with marine mammals, but their effectiveness depends strongly on the responsiveness of the animals. In this paper, we investigated the effect of sonar parameters (source level, pulse-repetition time, ship speed) on sound exposure by using a simple analytical model and highlight the mechanisms that limit the effectiveness of ramp-up procedures.",
keywords = "Killer whales, Mitigation, Ramp-up, Soft start, Sonar",
author = "{von Benda-Beckmann}, {Alexander M.} and Wensveen, {Paul Jacobus} and Kvadsheim, {Petter H.} and Lam, {Frans Peter A} and Miller, {Patrick J O} and Tyack, {Peter L.} and Ainslie, {Michael A.}",
year = "2016",
doi = "10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_150",
language = "English",
volume = "875",
series = "Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology",
publisher = "Springer",
pages = "1197--1203",
booktitle = "Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology",
address = "Netherlands",
}
