Acoustic characteristics and context of buzzes and rasps produced by northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus)

Deep-diving northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) rely on sound for orientation, foraging and communication. While their regular echolocation clicks have been described, characterisations of other click types are limited. Here we quantify acoustic and behavioural differences between two types of rapid click trains: buzzes and rasps. Sound and movement data were collected from 15 animal-attached DTag deployments around Jan Mayen Island (Norway) from 2013–2016. Buzzes and rasps were manually identified, and random forest analyses revealed a classification accuracy of 93.7% (n = 129 respectively). Rasps occurred more often near the surface whereas buzzes were primarily emitted at depth during foraging dives, had shorter inter-click-intervals (U = 263, p < 0.001), longer durations (U = 14413, p < 0.001), and coincided with increased movement more often than rasps (U = 10384, p < 0.001). On-axis clicks from nearby whales showed further differences in duration and frequency content between individual buzz and rasp clicks. Our findings demonstrate that buzzes and rasps are acoustically and contextually distinct, with buzzes associated with foraging and rasps with communication. These differences will allow identification of buzzes and rasps and inference of behaviour and habitat use in passive acoustic data, enhancing research on this cryptic beaked whale.