Absence of association between 2019-20 influenza vaccination and COVID-19: results of the European I-MOVE-COVID-19 primary care project, March-August 2020

Esther Kissling; Mariëtte Hooiveld; Mia Brytting; Ana Maria Vilcu; Marit de Lange; Iván Martínez-Baz; Debbie Sigerson; Theresa Enkirch; Sylvie Belhillil; Adam Meijer; Jesus Castilla; Naoma William; Anna Sara Carnahan; Alessandra Falchi; Janneke Hendriksen; Itziar Casado; Josie Murray; Vincent Enouf; Frederika Dijkstra; Diogo F.P. Marques; Marta Valenciano

doi:10.1111/irv.12839

Absence of association between 2019-20 influenza vaccination and COVID-19: results of the European I-MOVE-COVID-19 primary care project, March-August 2020

Esther Kissling^*, Mariëtte Hooiveld, Mia Brytting, Ana Maria Vilcu, Marit de Lange, Iván Martínez-Baz, Debbie Sigerson, Theresa Enkirch, Sylvie Belhillil, Adam Meijer, Jesus Castilla, Naoma William, Anna Sara Carnahan, Alessandra Falchi, Janneke Hendriksen, Itziar Casado, Josie Murray, Vincent Enouf, Frederika Dijkstra, Diogo F.P. MarquesMarta Valenciano

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

Background: Claims of influenza vaccination increasing COVID-19 risk are circulating. Within the I-MOVE-COVID-19 primary care multicentre study, we measured the association between 2019-20 influenza vaccination and COVID-19.

Methods: We conducted a multicentre test-negative case-control study at primary care level, in study sites in five European countries, from March to August 2020. Patients presenting with acute respiratory infection were swabbed, with demographic, 2019-20 influenza vaccination and clinical information documented. Using logistic regression, we measured the adjusted odds ratio (aOR), adjusting for study site and age, sex, calendar time, presence of chronic conditions. The main analysis included patients swabbed ≤7 days after onset from the three countries with <15% of missing influenza vaccination. In secondary analyses, we included five countries, using multiple imputation with chained equations to account for missing data.

Results: We included 257 COVID-19 cases and 1631 controls in the main analysis (three countries). The overall aOR between influenza vaccination and COVID-19 was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.66-1.32). The aOR was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.58-1.46) and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.51-1.67) among those aged 20-59 and ≥60 years, respectively. In secondary analyses, we included 6457 cases and 69 272 controls. The imputed aOR was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.79-0.95) among all ages and any delay between swab and symptom onset.

Conclusions: There was no evidence that COVID-19 cases were more likely to be vaccinated against influenza than controls. Influenza vaccination should be encouraged among target groups for vaccination. I-MOVE-COVID-19 will continue documenting influenza vaccination status in 2020-21, in order to learn about effects of recent influenza vaccination.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	429-438
Number of pages	10
Journal	Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses
Volume	15
Issue number	4
Early online date	22 Jan 2021
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12839
Publication status	Published - Jul 2021

Keywords

Case-control study
COVID-19
Influenza vaccination
Multicentre study
SARS-CoV-2
Test-negative design

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Kissling, E., Hooiveld, M., Brytting, M., Vilcu, A. M., de Lange, M., Martínez-Baz, I., Sigerson, D., Enkirch, T., Belhillil, S., Meijer, A., Castilla, J., William, N., Carnahan, A. S., Falchi, A., Hendriksen, J., Casado, I., Murray, J., Enouf, V., Dijkstra, F., ... Valenciano, M. (2021). Absence of association between 2019-20 influenza vaccination and COVID-19: results of the European I-MOVE-COVID-19 primary care project, March-August 2020. Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, 15(4), 429-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12839

@article{6f7beb42b56d4c929dea11db4da2b181,

title = "Absence of association between 2019-20 influenza vaccination and COVID-19: results of the European I-MOVE-COVID-19 primary care project, March-August 2020",

abstract = "Background: Claims of influenza vaccination increasing COVID-19 risk are circulating. Within the I-MOVE-COVID-19 primary care multicentre study, we measured the association between 2019-20 influenza vaccination and COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a multicentre test-negative case-control study at primary care level, in study sites in five European countries, from March to August 2020. Patients presenting with acute respiratory infection were swabbed, with demographic, 2019-20 influenza vaccination and clinical information documented. Using logistic regression, we measured the adjusted odds ratio (aOR), adjusting for study site and age, sex, calendar time, presence of chronic conditions. The main analysis included patients swabbed ≤7 days after onset from the three countries with <15% of missing influenza vaccination. In secondary analyses, we included five countries, using multiple imputation with chained equations to account for missing data. Results: We included 257 COVID-19 cases and 1631 controls in the main analysis (three countries). The overall aOR between influenza vaccination and COVID-19 was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.66-1.32). The aOR was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.58-1.46) and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.51-1.67) among those aged 20-59 and ≥60 years, respectively. In secondary analyses, we included 6457 cases and 69 272 controls. The imputed aOR was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.79-0.95) among all ages and any delay between swab and symptom onset. Conclusions: There was no evidence that COVID-19 cases were more likely to be vaccinated against influenza than controls. Influenza vaccination should be encouraged among target groups for vaccination. I-MOVE-COVID-19 will continue documenting influenza vaccination status in 2020-21, in order to learn about effects of recent influenza vaccination.",

keywords = "Case-control study, COVID-19, Influenza vaccination, Multicentre study, SARS-CoV-2, Test-negative design",

author = "Esther Kissling and Mari{\"e}tte Hooiveld and Mia Brytting and Vilcu, {Ana Maria} and {de Lange}, Marit and Iv{\'a}n Mart{\'i}nez-Baz and Debbie Sigerson and Theresa Enkirch and Sylvie Belhillil and Adam Meijer and Jesus Castilla and Naoma William and Carnahan, {Anna Sara} and Alessandra Falchi and Janneke Hendriksen and Itziar Casado and Josie Murray and Vincent Enouf and Frederika Dijkstra and Marques, {Diogo F.P.} and Marta Valenciano",

note = "The I‐MOVE‐COVID‐19 network has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 101003673. ",

year = "2021",

month = jul,

doi = "10.1111/irv.12839",

language = "English",

volume = "15",

pages = "429--438",

journal = "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses",

issn = "1750-2640",

publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd",

number = "4",

}

Kissling, E, Hooiveld, M, Brytting, M, Vilcu, AM, de Lange, M, Martínez-Baz, I, Sigerson, D, Enkirch, T, Belhillil, S, Meijer, A, Castilla, J, William, N, Carnahan, AS, Falchi, A, Hendriksen, J, Casado, I, Murray, J, Enouf, V, Dijkstra, F, Marques, DFP & Valenciano, M 2021, 'Absence of association between 2019-20 influenza vaccination and COVID-19: results of the European I-MOVE-COVID-19 primary care project, March-August 2020', Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 429-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12839

TY - JOUR

T1 - Absence of association between 2019-20 influenza vaccination and COVID-19

T2 - results of the European I-MOVE-COVID-19 primary care project, March-August 2020

AU - Kissling, Esther

AU - Hooiveld, Mariëtte

AU - Brytting, Mia

AU - Vilcu, Ana Maria

AU - de Lange, Marit

AU - Martínez-Baz, Iván

AU - Sigerson, Debbie

AU - Enkirch, Theresa

AU - Belhillil, Sylvie

AU - Meijer, Adam

AU - Castilla, Jesus

AU - William, Naoma

AU - Carnahan, Anna Sara

AU - Falchi, Alessandra

AU - Hendriksen, Janneke

AU - Casado, Itziar

AU - Murray, Josie

AU - Enouf, Vincent

AU - Dijkstra, Frederika

AU - Marques, Diogo F.P.

AU - Valenciano, Marta

N1 - The I‐MOVE‐COVID‐19 network has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 101003673.

PY - 2021/7

Y1 - 2021/7

N2 - Background: Claims of influenza vaccination increasing COVID-19 risk are circulating. Within the I-MOVE-COVID-19 primary care multicentre study, we measured the association between 2019-20 influenza vaccination and COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a multicentre test-negative case-control study at primary care level, in study sites in five European countries, from March to August 2020. Patients presenting with acute respiratory infection were swabbed, with demographic, 2019-20 influenza vaccination and clinical information documented. Using logistic regression, we measured the adjusted odds ratio (aOR), adjusting for study site and age, sex, calendar time, presence of chronic conditions. The main analysis included patients swabbed ≤7 days after onset from the three countries with <15% of missing influenza vaccination. In secondary analyses, we included five countries, using multiple imputation with chained equations to account for missing data. Results: We included 257 COVID-19 cases and 1631 controls in the main analysis (three countries). The overall aOR between influenza vaccination and COVID-19 was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.66-1.32). The aOR was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.58-1.46) and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.51-1.67) among those aged 20-59 and ≥60 years, respectively. In secondary analyses, we included 6457 cases and 69 272 controls. The imputed aOR was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.79-0.95) among all ages and any delay between swab and symptom onset. Conclusions: There was no evidence that COVID-19 cases were more likely to be vaccinated against influenza than controls. Influenza vaccination should be encouraged among target groups for vaccination. I-MOVE-COVID-19 will continue documenting influenza vaccination status in 2020-21, in order to learn about effects of recent influenza vaccination.

AB - Background: Claims of influenza vaccination increasing COVID-19 risk are circulating. Within the I-MOVE-COVID-19 primary care multicentre study, we measured the association between 2019-20 influenza vaccination and COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a multicentre test-negative case-control study at primary care level, in study sites in five European countries, from March to August 2020. Patients presenting with acute respiratory infection were swabbed, with demographic, 2019-20 influenza vaccination and clinical information documented. Using logistic regression, we measured the adjusted odds ratio (aOR), adjusting for study site and age, sex, calendar time, presence of chronic conditions. The main analysis included patients swabbed ≤7 days after onset from the three countries with <15% of missing influenza vaccination. In secondary analyses, we included five countries, using multiple imputation with chained equations to account for missing data. Results: We included 257 COVID-19 cases and 1631 controls in the main analysis (three countries). The overall aOR between influenza vaccination and COVID-19 was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.66-1.32). The aOR was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.58-1.46) and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.51-1.67) among those aged 20-59 and ≥60 years, respectively. In secondary analyses, we included 6457 cases and 69 272 controls. The imputed aOR was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.79-0.95) among all ages and any delay between swab and symptom onset. Conclusions: There was no evidence that COVID-19 cases were more likely to be vaccinated against influenza than controls. Influenza vaccination should be encouraged among target groups for vaccination. I-MOVE-COVID-19 will continue documenting influenza vaccination status in 2020-21, in order to learn about effects of recent influenza vaccination.

KW - Case-control study

KW - COVID-19

KW - Influenza vaccination

KW - Multicentre study

KW - SARS-CoV-2

KW - Test-negative design

U2 - 10.1111/irv.12839

DO - 10.1111/irv.12839

M3 - Article

C2 - 33481344

AN - SCOPUS:85099909001

SN - 1750-2640

VL - 15

SP - 429

EP - 438

JO - Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses

JF - Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses

IS - 4

ER -

Absence of association between 2019-20 influenza vaccination and COVID-19: results of the European I-MOVE-COVID-19 primary care project, March-August 2020

Abstract

Keywords

UN SDGs

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