Abstract
Background/Objectives: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of global mortality. Major adverse cardio-vascular events (MACE)—such as acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure—are critical endpoints in clinical research. Existing research has shown metal ions are important regulators of cardiovascular functioning and defective metal handling may be associated with increased risk of CVD. This study examines association of plasma/serum levels of magnesium, copper and zinc, with MACE incidence and the prevalence of circulatory system diseases, by using electronic health records from a subset of the Scottish population.
Methods: We categorised individuals by high, low, or normal plasma/serum metal levels, and calculated the percentage of those who subsequently developed a MACE event, identified using related International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes in hospital admission records. Logistic regression was employed to analyse the association between pre-event metal ion levels and the development of specific circulatory system disease subgroups.
Results: The study found abnormal magnesium, high copper and low zinc were associated with a higher risk of developing MACE. Low magnesium, high copper or low zinc were associated with increased risks of various circulatory diseases, with specific variations like low copper heightening venous and lymphatic disease risk.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest abnormal plasma metal profiles are associated with the development of MACE and circulatory disease events, underscoring the importance of monitoring plasma metal levels for cardiovascular risk management and prevention.
Methods: We categorised individuals by high, low, or normal plasma/serum metal levels, and calculated the percentage of those who subsequently developed a MACE event, identified using related International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes in hospital admission records. Logistic regression was employed to analyse the association between pre-event metal ion levels and the development of specific circulatory system disease subgroups.
Results: The study found abnormal magnesium, high copper and low zinc were associated with a higher risk of developing MACE. Low magnesium, high copper or low zinc were associated with increased risks of various circulatory diseases, with specific variations like low copper heightening venous and lymphatic disease risk.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest abnormal plasma metal profiles are associated with the development of MACE and circulatory disease events, underscoring the importance of monitoring plasma metal levels for cardiovascular risk management and prevention.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 1447 |
| Pages (from-to) | 1-14 |
| Number of pages | 14 |
| Journal | Nutrients |
| Volume | 17 |
| Issue number | 9 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 25 Apr 2025 |
Keywords
- Plasma magnesium
- Plasma copper
- Plasma zinc
- Major adverse cardiovascular events
- Health records
Access to Document
- Lin-2025-Abnormal-plasma-serum-magnesium-Nutrients-17-01447-CCBY
Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).