A search for transiting planets around hot subdwarfs: I. Methods and performance tests on light curves from Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS

V. Van Grootel; F.J. Pozuelos; A. Thuillier; S. Charpinet; L. Delrez; M. Beck; A. Fortier; S. Hoyer; S.G. Sousa; B.N. Barlow; N. Billot; M. Dévora-Pajares; R.H. Østensen; Y. Alibert; R. Alonso; G. Anglada Escudé; J. Asquier; D. Barrado; S.C.C. Barros; W. Baumjohann; T. Beck; A. Bekkelien; W. Benz; X. Bonfils; A. Brandeker; C. Broeg; G. Bruno; T. Bárczy; J. Cabrera; A.C. Cameron; S. Charnoz; M.B. Davies; M. Deleuil; O.D.S. Demangeon; B.-O. Demory; D. Ehrenreich; A. Erikson; L. Fossati; M. Fridlund; D. Futyan; D. Gandolfi; M. Gillon; M. Guedel; K. Heng; K.G. Isaak; L. Kiss; J. Laskar; A. Lecavelier Des Etangs; M. Lendl; C. Lovis; D. Magrin; P.F.L. Maxted; M. Mecina; A.J. Mustill; V. Nascimbeni; G. Olofsson; R. Ottensamer; I. Pagano; E. Pallé; G. Peter; G. Piotto; J.-Y. Plesseria; D. Pollacco; D. Queloz; R. Ragazzoni; N. Rando; H. Rauer; I. Ribas; N.C. Santos; G. Scandariato; D. Ségransan; R. Silvotti; A.E. Simon; A.M.S. Smith; M. Steller; G.M. Szabó; N. Thomas; S. Udry; V. Viotto; N.A. Walton; K. Westerdorff; T.G. Wilson

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140381

A search for transiting planets around hot subdwarfs: I. Methods and performance tests on light curves from Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS

V. Van Grootel^*, F.J. Pozuelos, A. Thuillier, S. Charpinet, L. Delrez, M. Beck, A. Fortier, S. Hoyer, S.G. Sousa, B.N. Barlow, N. Billot, M. Dévora-Pajares, R.H. Østensen, Y. Alibert, R. Alonso, G. Anglada Escudé, J. Asquier, D. Barrado, S.C.C. Barros, W. BaumjohannT. Beck, A. Bekkelien, W. Benz, X. Bonfils, A. Brandeker, C. Broeg, G. Bruno, T. Bárczy, J. Cabrera, A.C. Cameron, S. Charnoz, M.B. Davies, M. Deleuil, O.D.S. Demangeon, B.-O. Demory, D. Ehrenreich, A. Erikson, L. Fossati, M. Fridlund, D. Futyan, D. Gandolfi, M. Gillon, M. Guedel, K. Heng, K.G. Isaak, L. Kiss, J. Laskar, A. Lecavelier Des Etangs, M. Lendl, C. Lovis, D. Magrin, P.F.L. Maxted, M. Mecina, A.J. Mustill, V. Nascimbeni, G. Olofsson, R. Ottensamer, I. Pagano, E. Pallé, G. Peter, G. Piotto, J.-Y. Plesseria, D. Pollacco, D. Queloz, R. Ragazzoni, N. Rando, H. Rauer, I. Ribas, N.C. Santos, G. Scandariato, D. Ségransan, R. Silvotti, A.E. Simon, A.M.S. Smith, M. Steller, G.M. Szabó, N. Thomas, S. Udry, V. Viotto, N.A. Walton, K. Westerdorff, T.G. Wilson

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Context. Hot subdwarfs experienced strong mass loss on the red giant branch (RGB) and are now hot and small He-burning objects. These stars constitute excellent opportunities for addressing the question of the evolution of exoplanetary systems directly after the RGB phase of evolution.

Aims. In this project we aim to perform a transit survey in all available light curves of hot subdwarfs from space-based telescopes (Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS) with our custom-made pipeline SHERLOCK in order to determine the occurrence rate of planets around these stars as a function of orbital period and planetary radius. We also aim to determine whether planets that were previously engulfed in the envelope of their red giant host star can survive, even partially, as a planetary remnant.

Methods. For this first paper, we performed injection-and-recovery tests of synthetic transits for a selection of representative Kepler, K2, and TESS light curves to determine which transiting bodies in terms of object radius and orbital period we will be able to detect with our tools. We also provide estimates for CHEOPS data, which we analyzed with the pycheops package.

Results. Transiting objects with a radius ≤ 1.0 R_⊕ can be detected in most of the Kepler, K2, and CHEOPS targets for the shortest orbital periods (1 d and shorter), reaching values as low as ∼0.3 R_⊕ in the best cases. Sub-Earth-sized bodies are only reached for the brightest TESS targets and for those that were observed in a significant number of sectors. We also give a series of representative results for larger planets at greater distances, which strongly depend on the target magnitude and on the length and quality of the data.

Conclusions. The TESS sample will provide the most important statistics for the global aim of measuring the planet occurrence rate around hot subdwarfs. The Kepler, K2, and CHEOPS data will allow us to search for planetary remnants, that is, very close and small (possibly disintegrating) objects.

Original language	English
Article number	A205
Number of pages	19
Journal	Astronomy and Astrophysics
Volume	650
Early online date	29 Jun 2021
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140381
Publication status	Published - Jun 2021

Keywords

Planet-star interactions
Planetary systems
Stars: horizontal-branch
Subdwarfs
Techniques: photometric

Access to Document

10.1051/0004-6361/202140381

Van-Grootel-2021-A-search-for-transiting-A&A-650-A205
Copyright © 2021 ESO. This work has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies or with permission. Permission for further reuse of this content should be sought from the publisher or the rights holder. This is the final published version of the work, which was originally published at https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140381 .
Final published version, 2.56 MB

Astronomy at St Andrews 2018-2021: Astronomy at St Andrews 2018-2021
Jardine, M. M. (PI), Bonnell, I. A. (CoI), Cameron, A. C. (CoI), Cyganowski, C. J. (CoI), Dominik, M. (CoI), Helling, C. (CoI), Horne, K. D. (CoI), Scholz, A. (CoI), Tojeiro, R. (CoI), Weijmans, A.-M. (CoI), Wild, V. (CoI), Woitke, P. (CoI), Wood, K. (CoI) & Zhao, H. (CoI)
1/04/18 → 31/03/22
Project: Standard
Astronomy at St Andrews 2015-2018: Astronomy at St Andrews 2015-2018
Jardine, M. M. (PI), Cameron, A. C. (CoI), Cyganowski, C. J. (CoI), Horne, K. D. (CoI) & Wood, K. (CoI)
Science & Technology Facilities Council
1/04/15 → 31/03/18
Project: Standard

Cite this

Van Grootel, V., Pozuelos, F. J., Thuillier, A., Charpinet, S., Delrez, L., Beck, M., Fortier, A., Hoyer, S., Sousa, S. G., Barlow, B. N., Billot, N., Dévora-Pajares, M., Østensen, R. H., Alibert, Y., Alonso, R., Anglada Escudé, G., Asquier, J., Barrado, D., Barros, S. C. C., ... Wilson, T. G. (2021). A search for transiting planets around hot subdwarfs: I. Methods and performance tests on light curves from Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 650, Article A205. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140381

@article{c81e337272bf465ab5b5b0f6c75d2478,

title = "A search for transiting planets around hot subdwarfs: I. Methods and performance tests on light curves from Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS",

abstract = "Context. Hot subdwarfs experienced strong mass loss on the red giant branch (RGB) and are now hot and small He-burning objects. These stars constitute excellent opportunities for addressing the question of the evolution of exoplanetary systems directly after the RGB phase of evolution. Aims. In this project we aim to perform a transit survey in all available light curves of hot subdwarfs from space-based telescopes (Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS) with our custom-made pipeline SHERLOCK in order to determine the occurrence rate of planets around these stars as a function of orbital period and planetary radius. We also aim to determine whether planets that were previously engulfed in the envelope of their red giant host star can survive, even partially, as a planetary remnant. Methods. For this first paper, we performed injection-and-recovery tests of synthetic transits for a selection of representative Kepler, K2, and TESS light curves to determine which transiting bodies in terms of object radius and orbital period we will be able to detect with our tools. We also provide estimates for CHEOPS data, which we analyzed with the pycheops package. Results. Transiting objects with a radius ≤ 1.0 R⊕ can be detected in most of the Kepler, K2, and CHEOPS targets for the shortest orbital periods (1 d and shorter), reaching values as low as ∼0.3 R⊕ in the best cases. Sub-Earth-sized bodies are only reached for the brightest TESS targets and for those that were observed in a significant number of sectors. We also give a series of representative results for larger planets at greater distances, which strongly depend on the target magnitude and on the length and quality of the data. Conclusions. The TESS sample will provide the most important statistics for the global aim of measuring the planet occurrence rate around hot subdwarfs. The Kepler, K2, and CHEOPS data will allow us to search for planetary remnants, that is, very close and small (possibly disintegrating) objects. ",

keywords = "Planet-star interactions, Planetary systems, Stars: horizontal-branch, Subdwarfs, Techniques: photometric",

author = "{Van Grootel}, V. and F.J. Pozuelos and A. Thuillier and S. Charpinet and L. Delrez and M. Beck and A. Fortier and S. Hoyer and S.G. Sousa and B.N. Barlow and N. Billot and M. D{\'e}vora-Pajares and R.H. {\O}stensen and Y. Alibert and R. Alonso and {Anglada Escud{\'e}}, G. and J. Asquier and D. Barrado and S.C.C. Barros and W. Baumjohann and T. Beck and A. Bekkelien and W. Benz and X. Bonfils and A. Brandeker and C. Broeg and G. Bruno and T. B{\'a}rczy and J. Cabrera and A.C. Cameron and S. Charnoz and M.B. Davies and M. Deleuil and O.D.S. Demangeon and B.-O. Demory and D. Ehrenreich and A. Erikson and L. Fossati and M. Fridlund and D. Futyan and D. Gandolfi and M. Gillon and M. Guedel and K. Heng and K.G. Isaak and L. Kiss and J. Laskar and {Lecavelier Des Etangs}, A. and M. Lendl and C. Lovis and D. Magrin and P.F.L. Maxted and M. Mecina and A.J. Mustill and V. Nascimbeni and G. Olofsson and R. Ottensamer and I. Pagano and E. Pall{\'e} and G. Peter and G. Piotto and J.-Y. Plesseria and D. Pollacco and D. Queloz and R. Ragazzoni and N. Rando and H. Rauer and I. Ribas and N.C. Santos and G. Scandariato and D. S{\'e}gransan and R. Silvotti and A.E. Simon and A.M.S. Smith and M. Steller and G.M. Szab{\'o} and N. Thomas and S. Udry and V. Viotto and N.A. Walton and K. Westerdorff and T.G. Wilson",

note = "A.C.C. and T.G.W. acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant number ST/M001296/1. ",

year = "2021",

month = jun,

doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/202140381",

language = "English",

volume = "650",

journal = "Astronomy and Astrophysics",

issn = "0004-6361",

publisher = "EDP SCIENCES S A",

}

Van Grootel, V, Pozuelos, FJ, Thuillier, A, Charpinet, S, Delrez, L, Beck, M, Fortier, A, Hoyer, S, Sousa, SG, Barlow, BN, Billot, N, Dévora-Pajares, M, Østensen, RH, Alibert, Y, Alonso, R, Anglada Escudé, G, Asquier, J, Barrado, D, Barros, SCC, Baumjohann, W, Beck, T, Bekkelien, A, Benz, W, Bonfils, X, Brandeker, A, Broeg, C, Bruno, G, Bárczy, T, Cabrera, J, Cameron, AC, Charnoz, S, Davies, MB, Deleuil, M, Demangeon, ODS, Demory, B-O, Ehrenreich, D, Erikson, A, Fossati, L, Fridlund, M, Futyan, D, Gandolfi, D, Gillon, M, Guedel, M, Heng, K, Isaak, KG, Kiss, L, Laskar, J, Lecavelier Des Etangs, A, Lendl, M, Lovis, C, Magrin, D, Maxted, PFL, Mecina, M, Mustill, AJ, Nascimbeni, V, Olofsson, G, Ottensamer, R, Pagano, I, Pallé, E, Peter, G, Piotto, G, Plesseria, J-Y, Pollacco, D, Queloz, D, Ragazzoni, R, Rando, N, Rauer, H, Ribas, I, Santos, NC, Scandariato, G, Ségransan, D, Silvotti, R, Simon, AE, Smith, AMS, Steller, M, Szabó, GM, Thomas, N, Udry, S, Viotto, V, Walton, NA, Westerdorff, K & Wilson, TG 2021, 'A search for transiting planets around hot subdwarfs: I. Methods and performance tests on light curves from Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS', Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 650, A205. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140381

TY - JOUR

T1 - A search for transiting planets around hot subdwarfs

T2 - I. Methods and performance tests on light curves from Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS

AU - Van Grootel, V.

AU - Pozuelos, F.J.

AU - Thuillier, A.

AU - Charpinet, S.

AU - Delrez, L.

AU - Beck, M.

AU - Fortier, A.

AU - Hoyer, S.

AU - Sousa, S.G.

AU - Barlow, B.N.

AU - Billot, N.

AU - Dévora-Pajares, M.

AU - Østensen, R.H.

AU - Alibert, Y.

AU - Alonso, R.

AU - Anglada Escudé, G.

AU - Asquier, J.

AU - Barrado, D.

AU - Barros, S.C.C.

AU - Baumjohann, W.

AU - Beck, T.

AU - Bekkelien, A.

AU - Benz, W.

AU - Bonfils, X.

AU - Brandeker, A.

AU - Broeg, C.

AU - Bruno, G.

AU - Bárczy, T.

AU - Cabrera, J.

AU - Cameron, A.C.

AU - Charnoz, S.

AU - Davies, M.B.

AU - Deleuil, M.

AU - Demangeon, O.D.S.

AU - Demory, B.-O.

AU - Ehrenreich, D.

AU - Erikson, A.

AU - Fossati, L.

AU - Fridlund, M.

AU - Futyan, D.

AU - Gandolfi, D.

AU - Gillon, M.

AU - Guedel, M.

AU - Heng, K.

AU - Isaak, K.G.

AU - Kiss, L.

AU - Laskar, J.

AU - Lecavelier Des Etangs, A.

AU - Lendl, M.

AU - Lovis, C.

AU - Magrin, D.

AU - Maxted, P.F.L.

AU - Mecina, M.

AU - Mustill, A.J.

AU - Nascimbeni, V.

AU - Olofsson, G.

AU - Ottensamer, R.

AU - Pagano, I.

AU - Pallé, E.

AU - Peter, G.

AU - Piotto, G.

AU - Plesseria, J.-Y.

AU - Pollacco, D.

AU - Queloz, D.

AU - Ragazzoni, R.

AU - Rando, N.

AU - Rauer, H.

AU - Ribas, I.

AU - Santos, N.C.

AU - Scandariato, G.

AU - Ségransan, D.

AU - Silvotti, R.

AU - Simon, A.E.

AU - Smith, A.M.S.

AU - Steller, M.

AU - Szabó, G.M.

AU - Thomas, N.

AU - Udry, S.

AU - Viotto, V.

AU - Walton, N.A.

AU - Westerdorff, K.

AU - Wilson, T.G.

N1 - A.C.C. and T.G.W. acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant number ST/M001296/1.

PY - 2021/6

Y1 - 2021/6

N2 - Context. Hot subdwarfs experienced strong mass loss on the red giant branch (RGB) and are now hot and small He-burning objects. These stars constitute excellent opportunities for addressing the question of the evolution of exoplanetary systems directly after the RGB phase of evolution. Aims. In this project we aim to perform a transit survey in all available light curves of hot subdwarfs from space-based telescopes (Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS) with our custom-made pipeline SHERLOCK in order to determine the occurrence rate of planets around these stars as a function of orbital period and planetary radius. We also aim to determine whether planets that were previously engulfed in the envelope of their red giant host star can survive, even partially, as a planetary remnant. Methods. For this first paper, we performed injection-and-recovery tests of synthetic transits for a selection of representative Kepler, K2, and TESS light curves to determine which transiting bodies in terms of object radius and orbital period we will be able to detect with our tools. We also provide estimates for CHEOPS data, which we analyzed with the pycheops package. Results. Transiting objects with a radius ≤ 1.0 R⊕ can be detected in most of the Kepler, K2, and CHEOPS targets for the shortest orbital periods (1 d and shorter), reaching values as low as ∼0.3 R⊕ in the best cases. Sub-Earth-sized bodies are only reached for the brightest TESS targets and for those that were observed in a significant number of sectors. We also give a series of representative results for larger planets at greater distances, which strongly depend on the target magnitude and on the length and quality of the data. Conclusions. The TESS sample will provide the most important statistics for the global aim of measuring the planet occurrence rate around hot subdwarfs. The Kepler, K2, and CHEOPS data will allow us to search for planetary remnants, that is, very close and small (possibly disintegrating) objects.

AB - Context. Hot subdwarfs experienced strong mass loss on the red giant branch (RGB) and are now hot and small He-burning objects. These stars constitute excellent opportunities for addressing the question of the evolution of exoplanetary systems directly after the RGB phase of evolution. Aims. In this project we aim to perform a transit survey in all available light curves of hot subdwarfs from space-based telescopes (Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS) with our custom-made pipeline SHERLOCK in order to determine the occurrence rate of planets around these stars as a function of orbital period and planetary radius. We also aim to determine whether planets that were previously engulfed in the envelope of their red giant host star can survive, even partially, as a planetary remnant. Methods. For this first paper, we performed injection-and-recovery tests of synthetic transits for a selection of representative Kepler, K2, and TESS light curves to determine which transiting bodies in terms of object radius and orbital period we will be able to detect with our tools. We also provide estimates for CHEOPS data, which we analyzed with the pycheops package. Results. Transiting objects with a radius ≤ 1.0 R⊕ can be detected in most of the Kepler, K2, and CHEOPS targets for the shortest orbital periods (1 d and shorter), reaching values as low as ∼0.3 R⊕ in the best cases. Sub-Earth-sized bodies are only reached for the brightest TESS targets and for those that were observed in a significant number of sectors. We also give a series of representative results for larger planets at greater distances, which strongly depend on the target magnitude and on the length and quality of the data. Conclusions. The TESS sample will provide the most important statistics for the global aim of measuring the planet occurrence rate around hot subdwarfs. The Kepler, K2, and CHEOPS data will allow us to search for planetary remnants, that is, very close and small (possibly disintegrating) objects.

KW - Planet-star interactions

KW - Planetary systems

KW - Stars: horizontal-branch

KW - Subdwarfs

KW - Techniques: photometric

U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202140381

DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202140381

M3 - Article

SN - 0004-6361

VL - 650

JO - Astronomy and Astrophysics

JF - Astronomy and Astrophysics

M1 - A205

ER -

A search for transiting planets around hot subdwarfs: I. Methods and performance tests on light curves from Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS

Abstract

Keywords

Access to Document

Fingerprint

Projects

Astronomy at St Andrews 2018-2021: Astronomy at St Andrews 2018-2021

Astronomy at St Andrews 2015-2018: Astronomy at St Andrews 2015-2018

Cite this