A review on electro catalysis of oxygen reduction reaction: enabling sustainable future energy

The field of electro catalysis, particularly the area of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), has witnessed significant progress with far-reaching impacts in a variety of fields, as highlighted in recent research (Li et al.). Through the ORR mechanism, electro catalysis plays an important part in natural processes such as respiration, where it improves the conversion of oxygen to water in living organisms (Lane et al.). Theoretical importance does not restrict our comprehension of ORR processes in these biological systems. This has far-reaching implications for biomedical technology, such as implanted biosensors and biofuel cells (Li et al.). To optimize their performance, these technologies rely on efficient and selective ORR catalysts. Because of their high catalytic activity, noble metal catalysts such as platinum traditionally, platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) have been used as standards (Gasteiger et al.). Because of their scarcity and expensive cost, researchers have been pushed to investigate alternatives, resulting in substantial development in the design and synthesis of non-precious metal catalysts. As feasible alternatives, transition metal compounds, metal-free carbon materials, and hybrid Nano materials with high ORR activity, selectivity, and stability have developed (Zhu et al. the). These alternatives offer long-term and cost- effective energy transition solutions, indicating a significant shift in the catalytic environment. ORR electro catalysts hold the key to designing a more sustainable future, alongside their relevance in life sciences, biomedical technology, and fuel cells. In the future, the development of these catalysts will be critical in addressing global concerns such as renewable energy generation and environmental sustainability. Non-precious metal catalyst advances, as well as continued research into ORR processes, are opening the path for more efficient and sustainable beneficial energy conversion technologies. The chapter investigates the critical function of ORR electro catalysis in fuel cells, which transform chemical energy into electrical energy successfully. The incorporation of non-precious metal catalysts into fuel cells not only improves their performance but also adds to the progress of clean energy solutions. This is of particular significance as the globe encourages sustainable energy generation and lower greenhouse gas emissions. This includes the opportunity for widespread implementation of fuel cells as a clean energy source, reducing our dependence on fossil fuels and reducing the harmful effects of climate change.