A multimode cavity QED Ising spin glass

Brendan P. Marsh; David Atri Schuller; Yunpeng Ji; Henry S. Hunt; Giulia Z. Socolof; Deven P. Bowman; Jonathan Keeling; Benjamin L. Lev

doi:10.1103/x19r-pzyb

A multimode cavity QED Ising spin glass

Brendan P. Marsh, David Atri Schuller, Yunpeng Ji, Henry S. Hunt, Giulia Z. Socolof, Deven P. Bowman, Jonathan Keeling, Benjamin L. Lev

Research output: Contribution to journal › Letter › peer-review

Abstract

We realize a driven-dissipative Ising spin glass using cavity QED in a novel “4/7” multimode geometry. Gases of ultracold atoms trapped within the cavity by optical tweezers serve as effective spins. They are coupled via randomly signed, all-to-all Ising cavity-mediated interactions. Networks of up to 𝑛 = 25 spins are holographically imaged via cavity emission. The system is driven through a frustrated transverse-field Ising transition, and we show that the entropy of the spin glass states depends on the rate at which the transition is crossed. Despite being intrinsically nonequilibrium, the system exhibits phenomena associated with Parisi’s theory of equilibrium spin glasses, namely, replica symmetry breaking (RSB) and ultrametric structure. For system sizes up to 𝑛 = 16, we measure the Parisi function 𝑞⁡(𝑥), Edwards-Anderson overlap 𝑞_EA, and ultrametricity 𝐾 correlator; all indicate a deeply ordered spin glass under RSB. The system can serve as an associative memory and enable aging and rejuvenation studies in driven-dissipative spin glasses at the microscopic level.

Original language	English
Number of pages	7
Journal	Physical Review Letters
Volume	135
Issue number	16
Early online date	15 Oct 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1103/x19r-pzyb
Publication status	Published - 17 Oct 2025

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10.1103/x19r-pzyb

Marsh_2025_PRL_Multimode-cavity-QED-Ising_AAM_CCBY
Copyright © 2025 the Authors. This work has been made available online in accordance with the University of St Andrews Open Access policy. This accepted manuscript is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The final published version of this work is available at https://doi.org/10.1103/x19r-pzyb
Accepted author manuscript, 7.57 MBLicence: CC BY

http://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.22658v1

Cite this

@article{f4aed80f389a428cac195a88fa80d4dc,

title = "A multimode cavity QED Ising spin glass",

abstract = "We realize a driven-dissipative Ising spin glass using cavity QED in a novel “4/7” multimode geometry. Gases of ultracold atoms trapped within the cavity by optical tweezers serve as effective spins. They are coupled via randomly signed, all-to-all Ising cavity-mediated interactions. Networks of up to 𝑛 = 25 spins are holographically imaged via cavity emission. The system is driven through a frustrated transverse-field Ising transition, and we show that the entropy of the spin glass states depends on the rate at which the transition is crossed. Despite being intrinsically nonequilibrium, the system exhibits phenomena associated with Parisi{\textquoteright}s theory of equilibrium spin glasses, namely, replica symmetry breaking (RSB) and ultrametric structure. For system sizes up to 𝑛 = 16, we measure the Parisi function 𝑞⁡(𝑥), Edwards-Anderson overlap 𝑞EA, and ultrametricity 𝐾 correlator; all indicate a deeply ordered spin glass under RSB. The system can serve as an associative memory and enable aging and rejuvenation studies in driven-dissipative spin glasses at the microscopic level.",

author = "Marsh, \{Brendan P.\} and Schuller, \{David Atri\} and Yunpeng Ji and Hunt, \{Henry S.\} and Socolof, \{Giulia Z.\} and Bowman, \{Deven P.\} and Jonathan Keeling and Lev, \{Benjamin L.\}",

note = "Funding: The authors are grateful for funding support from the Army Research Office (Grant No. W911NF2210261). Y. J. acknowledges support from the Q-NEXT DOE National Quantum Information Science Research Center. J. K., B. M., and H. H. acknowledge support from EPSRC (Grant No. EP/Z533713/1), the Stanford QFARM Initiative, and the Stanford Shoucheng Zhang Graduate Fellowship, respectively.",

year = "2025",

month = oct,

day = "17",

doi = "10.1103/x19r-pzyb",

language = "English",

volume = "135",

journal = "Physical Review Letters",

issn = "0031-9007",

publisher = "American Physical Society",

number = "16",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - A multimode cavity QED Ising spin glass

AU - Marsh, Brendan P.

AU - Schuller, David Atri

AU - Ji, Yunpeng

AU - Hunt, Henry S.

AU - Socolof, Giulia Z.

AU - Bowman, Deven P.

AU - Keeling, Jonathan

AU - Lev, Benjamin L.

N1 - Funding: The authors are grateful for funding support from the Army Research Office (Grant No. W911NF2210261). Y. J. acknowledges support from the Q-NEXT DOE National Quantum Information Science Research Center. J. K., B. M., and H. H. acknowledge support from EPSRC (Grant No. EP/Z533713/1), the Stanford QFARM Initiative, and the Stanford Shoucheng Zhang Graduate Fellowship, respectively.

PY - 2025/10/17

Y1 - 2025/10/17

N2 - We realize a driven-dissipative Ising spin glass using cavity QED in a novel “4/7” multimode geometry. Gases of ultracold atoms trapped within the cavity by optical tweezers serve as effective spins. They are coupled via randomly signed, all-to-all Ising cavity-mediated interactions. Networks of up to 𝑛 = 25 spins are holographically imaged via cavity emission. The system is driven through a frustrated transverse-field Ising transition, and we show that the entropy of the spin glass states depends on the rate at which the transition is crossed. Despite being intrinsically nonequilibrium, the system exhibits phenomena associated with Parisi’s theory of equilibrium spin glasses, namely, replica symmetry breaking (RSB) and ultrametric structure. For system sizes up to 𝑛 = 16, we measure the Parisi function 𝑞⁡(𝑥), Edwards-Anderson overlap 𝑞EA, and ultrametricity 𝐾 correlator; all indicate a deeply ordered spin glass under RSB. The system can serve as an associative memory and enable aging and rejuvenation studies in driven-dissipative spin glasses at the microscopic level.

AB - We realize a driven-dissipative Ising spin glass using cavity QED in a novel “4/7” multimode geometry. Gases of ultracold atoms trapped within the cavity by optical tweezers serve as effective spins. They are coupled via randomly signed, all-to-all Ising cavity-mediated interactions. Networks of up to 𝑛 = 25 spins are holographically imaged via cavity emission. The system is driven through a frustrated transverse-field Ising transition, and we show that the entropy of the spin glass states depends on the rate at which the transition is crossed. Despite being intrinsically nonequilibrium, the system exhibits phenomena associated with Parisi’s theory of equilibrium spin glasses, namely, replica symmetry breaking (RSB) and ultrametric structure. For system sizes up to 𝑛 = 16, we measure the Parisi function 𝑞⁡(𝑥), Edwards-Anderson overlap 𝑞EA, and ultrametricity 𝐾 correlator; all indicate a deeply ordered spin glass under RSB. The system can serve as an associative memory and enable aging and rejuvenation studies in driven-dissipative spin glasses at the microscopic level.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105020652620

U2 - 10.1103/x19r-pzyb

DO - 10.1103/x19r-pzyb

M3 - Letter

SN - 0031-9007

VL - 135

JO - Physical Review Letters

JF - Physical Review Letters

IS - 16

ER -

A multimode cavity QED Ising spin glass

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