A model of the impact of government revenue and quality of governance on the pupil/teacher ratio for every country in the world

Stephen G. Hall; Bernadette O'Hare

doi:10.3390/econometrics13040046

A model of the impact of government revenue and quality of governance on the pupil/teacher ratio for every country in the world

Stephen G. Hall^*
, Bernadette O'Hare

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

This study explores the relationship between government revenue per capita, governance quality, and the supply of teachers—an indicator under Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Target 4.c). Using annual data from 217 countries spanning 1980 to 2022, we apply a non-linear panel model with a logistic function that incorporates country-specific governance measures. Our findings reveal that increased government revenue is positively associated with teacher supply, and that improvements in governance amplify this effect. The model provides predictive insights into how changes in revenue may influence progress toward education-related SDG targets at the country level.

Original language	English
Article number	46
Pages (from-to)	1-18
Number of pages	18
Journal	Econometrics
Volume	13
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/econometrics13040046
Publication status	Published - 19 Nov 2025

Keywords

Teacher
Schooling
School age population/teacher ratio
Education
Government revenue
Tax abuse
Debt service
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

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10.3390/econometrics13040046Licence: CC BY

Hall-OHare-2025-A-model-of-the-impact-Econometrics-13-46-CCBY
Copyright © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Final published version, 2.24 MBLicence: CC BY

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4 Article
1 Other contribution

The GRADE tool. v3.22.1
O'Hare, B., Hall, S. & Murray, S., 9 Jan 2026, The University of St Andrews .
Research output: Other contribution
A model of the impact of government revenue and the quality of governance on electricity and clean fuel use
Hall, S. G. & O'Hare, B., 24 May 2025, In: Economies. 13, 6, 13 p., 148.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Open Access
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A model of the impact of government revenue and quality of governance on schooling
Hall, S. & O'Hare, B.A.-M., Jul 2024, In: International Journal of Educational Development. 108, 7 p., 103055.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Open Access
File

Cite this

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title = "A model of the impact of government revenue and quality of governance on the pupil/teacher ratio for every country in the world",

abstract = "This study explores the relationship between government revenue per capita, governance quality, and the supply of teachers—an indicator under Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Target 4.c). Using annual data from 217 countries spanning 1980 to 2022, we apply a non-linear panel model with a logistic function that incorporates country-specific governance measures. Our findings reveal that increased government revenue is positively associated with teacher supply, and that improvements in governance amplify this effect. The model provides predictive insights into how changes in revenue may influence progress toward education-related SDG targets at the country level.",

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AB - This study explores the relationship between government revenue per capita, governance quality, and the supply of teachers—an indicator under Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Target 4.c). Using annual data from 217 countries spanning 1980 to 2022, we apply a non-linear panel model with a logistic function that incorporates country-specific governance measures. Our findings reveal that increased government revenue is positively associated with teacher supply, and that improvements in governance amplify this effect. The model provides predictive insights into how changes in revenue may influence progress toward education-related SDG targets at the country level.

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KW - Government revenue

KW - Tax abuse

KW - Debt service

KW - Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

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ER -

A model of the impact of government revenue and quality of governance on the pupil/teacher ratio for every country in the world

Abstract

Keywords

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Research output

The GRADE tool. v3.22.1

A model of the impact of government revenue and the quality of governance on electricity and clean fuel use

A model of the impact of government revenue and quality of governance on schooling

Cite this