Bruce Lenman

1. The overseas Expansion of Europe from c. 1400 to c. 1830, with particular reference to a)European chartered trading companies and Asia, and b)Brtish Colonial wars in Asia and America.

2. Scotland in the Age of the Enlightenment with particular reference to Scottish settlement in and contacts with the Chesapeake and Caribbean.

3. Main current research program is on the connections between amphibious operations and pilotage, navigation and the evolution of maritime cartography,with particular reference to underwater and coastal hazards,especially coral reef systems, in the Caribbean to c.1800. The scope includes the Lesser Antilles, but there is some emphasis on the Spanish-speaking Greater Antilles, especially Cuba.

Considerable knowledge of Scottish History since c.1660, with research interests in the Scottish Enlightenment and particularly in its relationship to the Expansion of Europe.

1. Articles on Scottish settlement on the Chesapeake before the American Revolution.

2. Articles, and possibly a book, on war, navigation and the development of maritime charting of coral-rich waters especially the Spanish Caribbean (but with a comparative interest in problems posed by the coral systems of the Philippines archipelago)in the era before the nineteenth century Admiralty Chart.

A good deal of the work is done for Colonial Williamsburg publications, so I suppose it is a small part of Williamsburg's promotion of its tourist industry. However, apart from the tourist industry in the Caribbean (the research necessarily involves considerable hands-on acquaintance with all the major historic Spanish port cities in the Caribbean from La Habana to Cartagena in Colombia),the main potential link for the research is really with cartography and with scientists working on the evolution of coral reef systems over time