“Implementing the European Security and Defense Identity: Lessons from the Past and Prospects for the Future,” presented at the conference “The Transformation of NATO and the Question of European Unity,” University of Washington, Seattle, WA (May 2000). “The Quest for Coherence: Institutional Dilemmas of External Action from Maastricht to Amsterdam,” presented to two European University Institute workshops, Fiesole, Italy (March 2000 and December 1998). “Uncertainty, Problem-Solving, and Collective Preference Formation: The Case of European Political Cooperation,” International Studies Association (Los Angeles, CA, March 2000).